IOSR-JAP   Volume-5 ~ Issue-6 ~ January 2014

Abstract: In this paper we have obtained axially symmetric Bianchi type-I cosmological models for perfect fluid distribution in the context of Lyra's manifold. Exact solutions of the field equations are obtained by assuming the expansion  in the model is proportional to the shear . This leads to the condition A  Bn where A and B are scale factors and n( 0) is a constant. Some kinematical and physical parameters of the model have been discussed. The solutions are compatible with recent observations.
Key words: Bianchi type models, Cosmology, Lyra geometry.

[1] H. Weyl, Sber. Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1918, 465.
[2] G. Lyra, Über eine Modification der Riemannschen Geometrie, Mathematische Zeitschrift 54, 1951, 52-64.
[3] D. K. Sen, A static cosmological model, Zeitschrift fur Physik C 149, 1957, 311-323. [4] D. K. Sen and K. A. Dunn, A scalar-tensor theory of gravitation in a modified Riemannian manifold, Journal of Mathematical Physics 12, 1971, 578-586.
[5] W. D. Halford, Cosmological theory based on Lyra's geometry, Australian Journal of Physics 23, 1970, 863-9.
[6] W. D. Halford, Scalar-tensor theory of gravitation in a Lyra manifold, Journal of Mathematical Physics 13, 1972, 1699-1703. [7] A. Pradhan, Cylindrically symmetric viscous fluid universe in Lyra geometry, Journal of Mathematical Physics 50, 2009, 022501-022513.
[8] S. Kumar and C. P. Singh, An exact Bianchi type-I cosmological models in Lyra's manifold, International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, 2008, 813-822.
[9] V. U. M. Rao, T. Vinutha and M. V. Santhi, Bianchi type-V cosmological model with perfect fluid using negative constant deceleration parameter in a scalar tensor theory based on Lyra manifold, Astrophysics Space Science 314, 2008, 213-216.
[10] J. K. Singh, Exact solutions of some cosmological models in Lyra geometry, Astrophysics Space Science 314, 2008, 361- 365.

Abstract: In this paper, the underlying principles about the theory of relativity are briefly introduced and reviewed. The mathematical prerequisite needed for the understanding of general relativity and of Einstein field equations are discussed. Concepts such as the principle of least action will be included and its explanation using the Lagrange equations will be given. Where possible, the mathematical details and rigorous analysis of the subject has been given in order to ensure a more precise and thorough understanding of the theory of relativity. A brief mathematical analysis of how to derive the Einstein's field's equations from the Einstein-Hilbert action and the Schwarzschild solution was also given.

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[4] Schultz. B: A First Course in General Relativity, Cambridge University Press, New York, United States of America, 2009.
[5] Larsen. S: "Lots of Calculation in General Relativity", 2013.

Abstract: The detection and measurement of radionuclides in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples collected from Barapukuria 2×125 MW coal-fired thermal power plant in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh, have been performed by gamma ray spectrometry technique. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples were 10.46±5.24, 23.50±10.88 and 232.23±131.94 Bqkg-1; 56.91±2.77, 69.22±4.26 and 189.79±64.65 Bqkg-1; and 70.91±2.90, 115.26±5.79 and 205.53±65.56 Bqkg-1; respectively. These measured values were compared with other literature values.

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Abstract: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the two dimensional dose distribution techniques in pituitary adenoma patient treatment in order to provide 2D dose coverage to the target volume while sparing organs at risk (OARs). The CT simulator was used to radiograph 300 patients of pituitary adenomas to conform 2D dose distribution planning inside the tumour bed , and its structures were delineated; including gross target volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV), and planning target volume (PTV)], as well as organs at risks (OARs) .

[1]. Kaluska, V.T. Lazurik, V.M. Lazurik, G.F. Popov, Yu.V. Rogov, Zimek, Z., Basic laws of boundaries effects for the absorbed dose distribution of electrons in the heterogeneous materials, Journal of Kharkiv University , 6(19) , 2004, 87-50.
[2]. Khan FM: the physics of radiation therapy, ed 2, Baltimore, 1994, Williams & Wilkins. [3]. Zhang F; Zheng, M., Dosimetric evaluation of conventional radiotherapy, three dimensional conformal radiotherapy and direct machine parameter optimization intensity-modulated radiotherapy for breast cancer after conservative surgery, Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 55 (6), 2011, 595-602. [4]. Chand Fouché ME, Colin P, Bondiau PY., Pituitary adenomas: multimodal management and modern irradiation techniques,Cancer Radiother, l.l, 2012, 90-100. [5]. Jason G, Volumetric 3d display for radiation therapy planning, Journal of Display Technology, 4 (4), 2008, 23-25.
[6]. Purdy, JA. Dose to normal tissues outside the radiation therapy patient's Treated volume: a review of different radiation therapy techniques, Health Phys,.95 (5), 2008, 666-76.

Abstract: This study is aimed at investigating the characteristics of various slot sizes of microwave antenna suitable for ablation of hepatic and other tumors. The single slot antenna for hepatic MWA was designed using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 4.3b software. A total number of 140 antennas models were designed out of which one was selected based on the variation in its reflection coefficient, total power density and Specific Absorption Ratio. The three antennas have different geometry parameters based on the effective wavelength in liver tissue at 2.45GHz. The inner and outer conductors of the antenna were modeled using perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary conditions. The model was simulated at multiple discrete lengths of slot between 2.5mm and 4.5mm, using 0.1mm increment to determine the antenna efficiency. The antenna has a reflection coefficient as low as -44.67618 dB, with a corresponding total power dissipation of 9.47744 W at slot size 3.5 mm. The results show that the antenna operates with low reflection coefficient which at high power levels prevents overheating of the feedline. Feedline overheating may damage the coaxial line, thereby making it is suitable for ablation of hepatic and other tumors.
Keywords: Microwave ablation, Reflection coefficient, Total power dissipation, tumor, Antenna.

[1]. International multicenter prospective study on microwave ablation of liver tumours: preliminary results. David M. Lloyd1, Kwan N. Lau, Fenella Welsh, Kit-Fai Lee, David J. Sherlock, Michael A. Choti, John B. Martinie & David A. Iannitti.International Microwave Tumour Ablation Group (IMTAG). OI:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2011.00338.
[2]. McGahan JP, Dodd GD: Radiofrequency ablation of the liver: Current status. Am J Roentgenol2001, 176:3-16.
[3]. Chinn SB, Lee FT, Kennedy GD, Chinn C, Johnson CD, Winter TC, Warner TF, Mahvi DM: Effect of vascular occlusion on radiofrequency ablation of the liver: Results in a porcine model. Am J Roentgenol176, 2001,:789-795.
[4]. Haemmerich D, Staelin ST, Tungjitkusolmun S, Lee FT, Mahvi DM, Webster JG: Hepatic bipolar radio-frequency ablation between separated multiprong electrodes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng2001, 48:1145-1152.
[5]. Lau WY, Leung TWT, Yu SCH, Ho SKW: Percutaneous local ablative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma - A review and look into the future. Ann Surg 237:2003, 171-179.
[6]. Wright AS, Mahvi DM, Haemmerich DG, Lee FTJ: Minimally invasive approaches in management of hepatic tumors. SurgTechnolInt11:2003, 144-153.

[7]. Cha C, Lee FT: Rationale for the combination of cryoablation with surgical resection of hepatic tumors. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 5: 2001, 206-213.
[8]. Wright AS, Lee FT, Mahvi DM: Hepatic microwave ablation with multiple antennae results in synergistically larger zones of coagulation necrosis. Ann SurgOncol10:2003, 275-283.
[9]. Brace CL. Radiofrequency and microwave ablation of the liver, lung, kidney, and bone: what are the differences? CurrProblDiagnRadiol38:2009135–143.
[10]. S.N. Goldgerg, G.S Gazelle. L Solbratt. W.J Rittman and P.R Mueller, "Radiofrequency tissue ablation increased lesiondiameter with a perfusion electrode".Acad. Radiol.. vol. 3, August 1996, pp. 636-44,.

Abstract: In this paper a new universal formula about the rotation velocity distribution of atoms, planets, and galaxies is presented. It is based on a new general formula based on the relativistic Schwarzschild/Minkowski metric, where it has been possible to obtain expressions for the rotation velocity - and mass distribution versus the distance to the atomic nucleus, planet system centre, and galactic centre. A mathematical proof of this new formula is also given. This formula is divided into a Keplerian(general relativity)-and a relativistic(special relativity) part. For the atomic-and planet systems the Keplerian distribution is followed, which is also in accordance with observations.

Keywords: Atomic Physics, Astrophysics, Planetary physics, Spiral galaxies, Theory of Relativity, and Universal Formula

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Abstract: A beam data modelling algorithm was developed by solving the linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE). The Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (LBTE) is a form of the Boltzmann transport equation that assumes that radiation particles only interact with the matter as they are passing through matter and not with each other. This condition is only valid when there is no external magnetic field. The numerical method proposed by Lewis et al., [9] was used to solve the LBTE. A programming code was computed for the LBTE and run on CMS XiO treatment planning system to generate beam data, the generated beam data were compared to experimentally determined data. The calculated percentage depth dose (PDD) completely overlap the measured PDDs for the small field sizes while there is a shift in the PDD tail for large field size. However the shift is negligible. For the wedge PDDs, the shift between the measured PDDs and the calculated occurs at the Dmax region and it increases with increase in field size. The calculated wedge profiles have a slight shift at the shoulder compared to the measured ones and this decreases with increase in field size, unlike the PDDs. There is also a slight shift between calculated in-plane profiles and measured ones. There is a good agreement between the measured beam data and the calculated ones using the algorithm. This algorithm can be implemented as an in-house algorithm for beam data modelling and also as an independent quality assurance tool for checking the accuracy of clinical TPS algorithms with regards to beam data modelling during quality assurance and TPS commissioning tests.

Keywords: linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE), treatment planning system, algorithm, beam profile, percentage depth dose.

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Abstract: This theory is an attempt to describe the universal phenomena like space, time, matter and energy as an inter-relationship bound by a newly discovered force named as the universal force. The universal force is shown to be the force of gravitation, electricity, magnetism, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces. I believe any other force, hitherto fore not discovered; also, can be explained in terms of this universal force.

Keywords: Space, Time, Matter , Energy, Universal Force.

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