iosr-JDMS   Volume-3 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Identification of sex from skeleton is an important demographic assessment in medico legal investigations. Length of femur is an important and reliable skeletal element for sex determination. The present study aims at obtaining results from the length of femur in Maharashtra and to develop Standards in determination of sex; the study was carried out using 184 dry normal adult human femora (136 male 48 female) Collected from dept. of Anatomy Padmashree V.K. Patil Medical College Ahmednagar. The Osteometric board was utilized to find the length of femur which is considered as the maximum Vertical distance between the upper end of the head of femur and the lowest point on femoral Condyle. The mean Values obtained were 450.82 mm and 416.49 mm for Right sided male and female; and 452.37 mm and 420.43 mm for Left sided male and female respectively. Statistical Analysis revealed higher Value in male which was highly Significant (P < 0.001) on both sides. Statistical analysis showed that the demarking point so far as the right femora is concerned with a maximum length more than > 476.80 mm were definitely male and that less than < 379.91mm were definitely female. Which for left bones femora with maximum length more than > 484.49 mm were definitely male and less than < 385.83 mm were definitely female. Maximum length Identified 13.33% of right male femora,4.37% of right female femora, 7.24% of left male femora and 8% of left female femora.
Keywords: Condyle, Femora, Osteometric Board, Sex Determination, Skeleton.

Journal Papers:
[1] DiBennardo R. and Taylor J. V., Classification and misclassification in sexing the black femur by discriminant function analysis,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology1982, 58, 145-151.
[2] Singh S. P. and Singh S., The sexing of adult femora: Demarking points for Varanasi zone, Journal of the Indian Academy of
Forensic Sciences 1972 B, 11:1- 6.
[3] Dittrick J. and Suchey J. M., Sex determination of prehistoric central California skeleton remains using discriminant analysis of the
femur and humerus, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1986, 70: 3-9.
[4] Iscan M.Y. and Shihai D., Sexual Dimorphism in the Chinese Femur. Forensic Science International June 1995, 74(1-2), 79-87.
[5] Steyn M. and Iscan M. Y., Sex determination from the femur and tibia in South African whites, Forensic Science International 1997,
90: 111-119.
[6] King C.A., Iscan M. Y. and Loth S.R., Metric and comparative analysis of sexual dimorphism in the Thai Femur. Journal of Forensic
Science 1998, 43(5): 954–958.
[7] Leelavathy N, Rajangam S, Janakiram S., Thomas IM, Sexing Of The Femora. Indian Journal of Anatomical. Society of India, 2000,
49(1) 17-20.
[8] Purkait R. and Chandra H., Sexual Dimorphism in Femora: An Indian Study. Forensic Science Communications 2002 July, 4(3): 1-6.
[9] Pal G.P., Reliability of criteria used for sexing of hip bone. Journal of Anatomical Society of India. 2004, 53
Books:
[10] Krogman, W. M. and Iscan, M. Y. Human skeleton in forensic medicine 2nd Edition (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 1986).

Abstract: Pattern of skin diseases vary from region to region. Types of skin diseases are influenced by various factors and the consequent morbidities have a profound effect on individual and the community. An observational cross-sectional hospital based study was carried out in the dermatology outpatient department of Calcutta National Medical College, India to find out the pattern of skin diseases and its socio-demographic and environmental correlates. Maximum number of study population was aged 15-24 years (35.6%) and female gender (51.5%). Scabies was most common infectious type (20.4%) and acne (12.4%) was most common noninfectious dermatoses among the study population. Tinea and Acne most commonly recurred among the study population. Maintenance of personal hygiene (71.3%) and sufficient availability of water at household level (91.8%) were more among non-infectious group of patients in comparison to infectious group. Socio-economic status, tobacco use, over-crowding and positive history of contact were significantly associated with infectious type of dermatoses. Health education especially interpersonal communication can alleviate some of the miseries of dermatoses in individual and community.
Keywords: Dermatoses, infectious group, non-infectious group, environmental factors

[1] O.M.V Schofield, J.A.A Hunter. Diseases of the skin in Davidson's Principles & Practice of Medicine,21st.
Edition,.Edinburg,U.K.Publisher Elsevier. 2011:1376.
[2] Roderick Hay, Sandra E, Bendeck,Suephy Chen and others. Skin diseases in disease control priorities in developing
countries.[accessed online www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\books\NBK11733,24th.November 2011].p.708
[3] Das K K. Pattern of dermatological diseases in Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati. IJDVL 2003;69(1):16-18.
[4] Epidemiology and management of common skin diseases in children in developing countries. Department of Child and Adolescent
Health & Development. WHO 2005.1-62[WHO\FCH\CAH\05.12].
[5] G. S. Rao, S S Kumar, Sandhya. Pattern of skin diseases in an Indian village. Indian Journal of Medical Science 2003;57(3):108-10.
[6] Abbas Zamania, Hoseen Mahjum. Prevalence of skin diseases in hamedan, Iran in 2002. Indian Journal of Dermatology,WB,
2005;50(4):208-11.
[7] D.D.Atraide, M.R.Akpa and I.O.George. The Pattern of Skin disorders in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Journal of Public Heal th &
Epidemiology April 2011,3(4):177-81.
[8] Th. Bijayanti Devi, G. Zamzachin. Pattern of skin diseases in Imphal. Indian J Dermatology 2006;51(2):149-50.[accessed online
http://www.e-ijd.org,sunday,Nov,04,2012.IP:116.203.171.236].
[9] AK Agarwal.Social classification:The need to update in the present scenario. Indian J Community Med 2008;33(1):50-1.
[10] Symvoulakis E K,Krasagakis K, Komninos I D, Kastrinakis I, Lyronis I, Philaliyhis A, Tosea A D.Primary care and pattern of Skin
diseases in a Mediteranean island. B M C Family Practice 2006,7:6.[accessed online http:\\www.biomedcentral.com\1471- 2296\7\6].

Abstract:The eye is a vital organ and an important component of facial expression. Several ocular and orbital disorders require surgical intervention that may result in ocular defects. Loss of an eye has a crippling effect on the psychology of the patient. Enucleation of the eye is therefore normally followed by fabrication of an ocular prosthesis to improve esthetics. The primary purpose of an ocular prosthesis is to maintain the volume of eye socket and create the illusion of a healthy eye and surrounding tissue. A custom ocular prosthesis is a good option when reconstruction by plastic surgery or the use of Osseo-integrated implants is not possible or not desired. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with missing eye with custom made ocular prosthesis was described.
Key words: enucleation, implant, iris, ocular, sclera

[1] Goel BS, Kumar D. Evaluation of ocular prosthesis. J All India Ophthalmol Soc 1969;17:266-9.
[2] Nath K, Gogi R. The orbit. Indian J Ophthalmol 1976;24:1-14.
[3] Beumer J, Zlotolow I. Restoration of facial defects. In: Beumer J, editor. maxillofacial rehabilitation - prosthodontic and surgical
considerations 1st ed. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby publishers; 1996. p. 350-64.
[4] El-Dakkak M. Problem solving technique in ocular prosthetic reconstruction. Saudi Dent J 1990;2:7-10.
[5] Smith RM. Relining an Ocular Prosthesis: A Case Report. J Prosthodont 1995;4:160-3.
[6] Mathews MF, Smith RM, Sutton AJ, Hudson R. The ocular impression: A review of the literature and presentation of an alternate
technique. J Prosthodont 2000;9:210-21.
[7] Shenoy KK, Nag VP. Ocular impressions: An overview. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2007;7:5-7
[8] Cain JR. Custom ocular prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 1982;48:690-4.
[9] Grisius MM, Robert L. Treatment of lagophthalmos of the eye witha custom prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 1993;70:333-5.
[10] Allen L, Webster HE. Modified impression method of artificial eye fitting. Am J Ophthalmol 1969;67:189-218.

Abstract:We present a case report of an unusual large foreign body (FB) in Rectum which was retrieved successfully by trans anal route. Our patient presented with retained rectal foreign body following an assault while travelling in train, he was made unconscious and was later found in a pool of blood with per rectal oozing. Patient was then evaluated and trans anal retrieval of FB was carried out successfully.
Keywords:Foreign Body, Klismaphilia, Management, Rectum,Trans anal retrieval

[1] Feigelson S, Maun D, Silverberg D, Menes T. Removal of a large spherical foreign object from the rectum using an obstetric
vacuum device: a case report. Am Surg 2007; 73:304-6
[2] Subbotin VM, Davidov MI, Abdrashitov RR, Rylov IuL, Sholin NV. Foreign bodies in rectum. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek. 2000;
159:91–5.
[3] Neprasova P, Treska V, Simanek V. Injury of rectum with porcelain cup (Czech) Rozhledy V Chirurgii. 2001; 80:128–30.
[4] Batho G, Szanto L. Foreign bodies in rectum at our department during last ten years. (Hungarian)Magyar Sebeszet. 2000; 53:180–2.
[5] Eftaiha M, Hambrick E, Abcarian H. Principles of management of colorectal foreign bodies. Arch Surg 1977; 112:691-5.
[6] Petrolito E, Bracchitta S, Calabrese C, Riolo G, Donati A, Pecorella G. Foreign bodies and injuries of the rectum (Italian) Minerva
Chirurgica. 1989;44:867–71
[7] Kouraklis G, Miaiakos E, Dovas N, Karatzas G, Gogas J. Management of foreign bodies of the rectum: Report of 21 cases. J R Coll
Edin. 1997; 42:246–7.
[8] Yaman M, Dietel M, Burul CJ, Hadar B. Foreign bodies in the rectum. Can J Surg. 1993;36:173–7
[9] Singaporewalla RM, Tan DE, Tan TK. Use of endoscopic snare to extract a large rectosigmoid foreign body with review of
literature. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2007; 17:145-8.
[10] Gaponov VV. Foreign bodies in the rectum and colon (Russian) Klinicheskaia Khirugiia. 1992; 2:37–40.

Abstract: Gingival overgrowth is frequently observed in patients taking certain drugs such as calcium channel blockers, anticonvulsants and immunosuppressant. This can have a significant effect on the quality of life as well as increasing the oral bacterial load by generating plaque retention sites. Amlodipine, a third generation calcium channel blockers has been shown to promote gingival overgrowth although in very limited cases reported. The management of gingival overgrowth seems to be directed at controlling gingival inflammation through a good oral hygiene regimen. However in severe cases, surgical excision is the most preferred method of treatment, followed by rigorous oral hygiene procedures. This case report describes the management of gingival overgrowth in a hypertensive patient taking amlodipine. Combination of surgical gingivectomy and CO2 laser treatment was used to remove the gingival overgrowth. CO2 laser surgery produced good haemostasis and less pain during the procedure and post operatively. This case report has also shown that endodontic treatment alone without a change in associated drug can yield satisfactory clinical response.
Key words: Calcium channel blocker, CO2 laser, drug-induced, gingival overgrowth, gingivectomy

[1] American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) (2002). Lasers in Periodontics. J Periodontol, 73: 1231-1239.
[2] Aoki A, Sasaki KM, Watanabe H and Ishikawa I (2004). Lasers in nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Perio 2000, 36: 59-97.
[3] Barclay S, Thomason JM, Idle JR and Seymour RA. (1992). The incidence and severity of nifedipine- induced gingival overgrowth.
J Clin Periodontol, 19: 311-314.
[4] Drew HJ, Vogel RI, Molofsky W, Baker H and Frank O. (1987). Effect of folate on phenytoin hyperplasia. J Clin Periodontol, 14:
350-356.
[5] Ellis JS, Seymour RA, Thomason JM, Monkman SC and Idle JR (1993). Gingival sequestration of amlodipine and amlodipineinduced gingival overgrowth. Lancet, 341: 1102-1103.
[6] Hallmon WM and Rossmann JA (1999). The role of drugs in the pathogenesis of gingival
[7] overgrowth. A collective review of current concept. Perio 2000, 21: 176-196.
[8] Ikawa K, Ikawa M, Shimauchi H, Iwakura M and Sakamoto S (2002). Treatment of gingival overgrowth induced by manidipine
administration: a case report. J Periodontol, 72: 115-122.
[9] Inoue F and Harrison J (1981). Folic acid and phenytoin hyperplasia. Lancet, 2: 86.
[10] Jorgensen MG (1997). Prevalence of Amlodipine- Related Gingival Hyperplasia. J Periodontol, 68: 676- 678.

Abstract:Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia is a rare disease with reported incidence ranging from 1:140000 to 1 :250000 neonates. It is characterized by segmental osseous weakness resulting in deformities of the bone and spontaneous fractures which progresses to a tibial non – union .The etiology is unknown . In 50% of the cases it is associated with neurofibromatosis .The pathologic process of the disorder is the growth of abnormal fibromatosis like tissue either within the periosteum (dysplastic type ) or both .It is one of the most challenging problem in paediatric orthopaedics. Various methods of treatment are modifications of illizarov's technique, vascularised bone grafting, bone grafting with intramedullary nail fixation. We report a case of 11 year old boy having congenital pseudoarthrosis of left tibia with no prior history of any surgical treatment . During surgery , sclerotic ends of both fragment of pseudoarthrosis excised , reduction and fixation done using intra medullary nail with bone grafting. Six months later radiograph showed bony union with acceptable functional out come and no refracture. It is shown that intramedullary fixation with bone grafting is a good choice for treatment of congenital pseudoarthosis of tibia .
Key words: congenital, fixation , intramedullary , pseudoarthrosis,tibia

[1] 1.H andreas ,S gundula ,H benita , W G rolf , American Journal of Roentgenology, 177 (2001) 1025.
[2] 2. AD delgado-martinez, E Crodrigez-merchan , B olsen , Int Orthop, 20 (1996) 192.
[3] 3 F hefti ,G bollini , P dungl , J Pediatr Orthop B, 9 (2000) 11.
[4] 4 HB Boyd , Pathology and natural history of congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia. Clin Orthop 1982; 166: 5-13.
[5] 5. K sauli ,V vesa ,S willy , Acta Orthop Belgica, 74 (2008) 132
[6] 6.S Wientroub ,F Grill . Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: part 1. European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society multicenter study of
congenital pseudoarthrosis. J Pediatr Orthop B 2000;9:1–2.

Abstract: Emotional intelligence (EI) is increasingly made reference to in medicine and other healthcare disciplines. Assessment of EI is an important factor in determining students' adjustment and educational achievements. Lack of attention to this period of life can cause or intensify psychological disorders and lead to failure in social and educational performances.
Key words: Emotional Intelligence, Empathy, First Year Medical Students, Self awareness, Self confidence.

[1] Pau AKH, Croucher R. Emotional intelligence and perceived stress in dental undergraduates. J Dental Education, 67(9), 2003,1023-1028.
[2] Birks Y, McKendree J, Watt I. Emotional intelligence and perceived stress in healthcare students: a multi-institutional, multiprofessional survey. BMC Med Educ, 9,2009,61.
[3] Gosling M. Measuring emotional intelligence of managers in Singapore and the application of emotional intelligence for individual
and organisation effectiveness: An exploratory study[dissertation]. [Singapore]: Gosling International Pte Ltd, 2006.347p.
[4] Calaguas GM. Academic achievement and academic adjustment difficulties among college freshmen. International Refereed
Research Journal,2(3),2011,72.
[5] Ahmad S, Bangash H A, Khan SA. Emotional intelligence and gender differences. Sarhad J Agric 25(1), 2009, 127-130.
[6] Zarrati I, Yazdi SA, Fallah PA. The relation between emotional intelligence and attachment styles. New in cognitive sciences,
8(1,),2006,31-37.
[7] Sterrett EA. The manager's pocket guide to emotional intelligence,2nd Ed. (Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House, 2004) 22-24.
[8] Pool CR. Up with emotional health. Educational Leadership;54,199712-14.
[9] Katyal S, Aswathi E. Gender differences in emotional intelligence among adolescents of Chandigarh. J Hum Ecol,17(2),2005,153- 155.
[10] Sutarso P. Gender differences on the emotional intelligence inventory (EQI). Dissertation Abstracts International 1999.

Abstract: Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of premature death, disease and disability around the world. An estimated 4.9 million deaths occurring annually can be attributed to tobacco use. This study was carried out to assess awareness of patients about tobacco habit and their willingness to quit the habit. A cross sectional study was conducted amongst the patients. The sample size was decided based on prevalence rate of awareness in previous studies. The study comprised of 200 subjects. Pre-set pre-tested questionnaire was used for interview purpose; the patients were given a questionnaire consisting of 13 questions regarding Personal information, education, duration & frequency of their tobacco habits, its hazards and their willingness to quit the habit. There is an urgent need to take effective steps, especially on launching community awareness programs for the school children and public to educate them about the consequences of tobacco use, and on counselling of patients for de-addiction of this habit.
Key words: awareness, de-addiction, hazards, quit, tobacco.

[1] Chadda RK, Sengupta SN, Tobacco use by Indian adolescents. Tobacco Induced Diseases Vol. 1, No. 2: 111–119 (2002) , ©PTID
Society.
[2] Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, PV Kishore, Jagadish Paudel and Ritesh G Menezes, Prevalence and correlates of tobacco use
amongst junior collegiates
[3] in twin cities of western Nepal: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey, BioMedCentral Public Health 2008.
[4] GATS India Report 2009-2010, The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) India, 2009-2010.Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi.
[5] WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, MPOWER: A POLICY PACKAGE TO REVERSE THE TOBACCO EPIDEMIC.
©World Health Organization 2008.
[6] Vinita Singh, Hemraj pal, Manju Mehta and Umesh Kapil, Tobacco consumption and awareness of their health hazards amongst
lower income group schoolchildren in national capital territory of Delhi. Indian Pediatrics, volume: 44, 293-294. April 17; 2007.
[7] Urvish Joshi, Bhavesh Modi, Sudha Yadav , A study on prevalence of chewing form of tobacco and existing quitting patterns in
urban population of Jamnagar, Gujarat. Indian Journal of Community Medicine Volume: 35, Issue 1,105-108; 2010.
[8] G. Gururaj and N. Girish, Tobacco Use amongst Children in Karnataka. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 74; 2007.
[9] D N Sinha, P C Gupta, M S Pednekar, Use of tobacco products as dentifrice among adolescents in India: questionnaire study, BMJ
VOLUME 328; 2004.
[10] D.N. Sinha Gu

Abstract: Medicine is a noble profession but there is also growing anxiety both within the medical profession and in the community regarding increasing trends of complaints and lawsuits against doctors. Knowledge about medical ethics is as fundamental to the practice of medicine as clinical skills. The trainee period is a critical time for fostering ethical reasoning in students and hence a questionnaire based study was conducted among interns and postgraduate students of a medical college in Vadodara. The questionnaire consisted of questions pertaining to basic knowledge of medical law, record keeping, ethics, informed consent and medical negligence. A total of 300 students were enrolled for the study. Most of the students were able to answer quest ions about ethics and informed consent and basic on medical law. Knowledge about record keeping (p<0.001with C.I:68.68-73.9) and medical negligence (p<0.0241with C.I:61.35-64.35) was found to be significantly different between the classes of students. More efforts should be made to sensitize the students about law and liabilities related to their practice.
Key words: Informed consent, Medical Ethics, Medical Negligence, Medico Legal Case, record keeping.

[1] Dr. Kong-lung H., Law and Ethics in Medical Practice: An Overview, Medicine Section, 8(6), 2003, 3-7.
[2] [Mayeda M. and Takase K.., Need for enforcement of ethicolegal education – an analysis of the survey of postgraduate clinical
trainees, BMC Medical Ethics, 6(8), 2005, Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/6/8 [Last cited on 2012 AUG 3].
[3] Dash S.K. [Medical Ethics, Duties & Medical Negligence Awareness among the Practitioners in a Teaching Medical College,
Hospital-A Survey, J Indian Acad Forensic Med, 32(2), 2010,153-156.
[4] Walrond ER, Jonnalagadda R, Hariharan S and Moseley HSL, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of medical students at the Cave Hill
Campus in relation to ethics and law in healthcare, West Indian Med, 55 (1), 2006, 42-47.
[5] Makhani C.S., Petkar M. R., Chavan K.D., T.V. Rao, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 4(4), 2011, 151-155.
[6] Dhawan R, Dhawan S. Legal aspects in dentistry. J Indian Soc Periodontol 14, 2010, 81-4.
[7] Astekar M, Saawarn S, Ramesh G, Saawarn N., Maintaining dental records: Are we ready for forensic needs?, J Forensic Dent Sci 3,
2011, 52-7.
[8] Yousuf R M, Fauzi A R M, How S H, Rasool A G, Rehana K Awareness, knowledge and attitude towards informed consent among
doctors in two different cultures in Asia: a cross-sectional comparative study in Malaysia and Kashmir, India, Singapore Med J, 48
(6), 2007, 559-565.
[9] Heywood R., Macaskill A. and Williams K., Medical students' perceptions of informed consent: legal reflections on clinical
education, Journal of professional negligence, 23 (3), 2007, 151-164.
[10] Joshi S.K., Law and the practice of medicine (New Delhi, Jaypee, 2010).

Abstract: AIM:. Glycosylated hemoglobin is a used marker for long-term glycemic control.This investigation is an attempt to evaluate the diagnostic value of HbA(1c) in predicting cardiovascular risk MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in Dr PSIMS&RF,Vijayawada. 278 subjects during May 2012 to October 2012, were included in the study Details regarding to age, gender, duration of diabetes, were taken. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) , Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL-C and LDL-C and AIP
Key words: Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, HbA1c, AIP

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[3] Irene M S, Amanda I A, Andrew W N, David R M, Susan EM et al, Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and
microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study, BMJ ,321,2000,405–412.
[4] Kreisberg RA, Diabetic dyslipidemia, Am J Cardiol, 82(12A),1998, 67U-73U.
[5] Dobiásová M, AIP--atherogenic index of plasma as a significant predictor of cardiovascular risk: from research to practice. Vnitr
Lek, 52(1), 2006, 64-71.
[6] Elizabeth S, Josef CSH, Golden,, Frederick L, Brancati,et al, Glycemic Control and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Persons With
and Without Diabetes.The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Arch Intern Med, 165, 2005, 1910-1916
[7] Elizabeth S, Spyridon M, Gail B, Tejal R , Frederick L. Brancati, NR., Sherita HG, Meta-Analysis: Glycosylated Hemoglobin and
Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus, Ann Intern Med 141(6), 2004, 421-431.
[8] Woodward A, Wallymahmed M, Wilding J, Gill G, Improved glycemic control: an unintended benefit of a nurse-led
cardiovascular risk reduction clinic. Diabet Med, 22, 2005, 1272–1274.
[9] Nakamura K, Yamagishi SI, Adachi H, Kurita-Nakamura Y, Matsui T, Yoshida T, Sato A, Imaizumi T, Elevation of soluble form
of receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in diabetic subjects with coronary artery disease, Diabetes Metab Res
Rev 23(5), 2007, 368–371.
[10] Position statement, Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2012, Diabetes Care, 35 (1), 2012, S11-S63.

Abstract:Aims and Objectives: Residual ridge resorption is perplexing problem for complete denture patients and so with the Prosthodontist.It is of multifactorial origin where it is termed as a chronic, progressive, irreversible and disabling disease. Several methods have been devised to measure the RRR like cephalometrics, dent contourographs, casts, photogrametrric method etc but the method described by Wical and Swoope is simple, useful method for arriving at gross estimate the amount of RRR. Thus this method was used in this study with the objective to investigate the amount of mandibular ridge height in relation of aging and length of edentulism.
Key words: Residual ridge resorption, Orthopantamograph, Complete denture.

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