IOSR-JHSS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr-2013

Abstract: The important ones of region development is built infrastructure. In the open economy era, infrastructure is one of the development economy needs, in particular roads infrastructure. Lastly, many research concern about conflict between infrastructure development and environmental. This study explained about cost and benefit from development infrastructure in Southern Malang, which name Southern Cross Roads (JLS). The infrastructure development (JLS) in Malang has converted protected forest about 148,140 hectare be the roads. This is reflected about interaction between economy aspect and ecology aspect. This study using Cost-Benefit Analysis and Contingent Value Method which measured from Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Accept (WTA). The result of this research indicated that the conversion of protected forest to road has led to decrease in the economic and ecological benefits of forest protection, depletion natural resources of protected forest, environmental degradation, and the cost and the benefit of JLS development is unbalance.

Keywords: Infrastructure development, Environmental, WTP, WTA

[1]. Bell, S. & Morse, S., 2004, Delivering sustainability therapy in a projectified world–plenary presentation,in:The 2004 International Sustainable Development Research Conference (Manchester: Hulme Hall, University of Manchester, ERP Environment).
[2]. Bell, S. & Morse, S.,2003, Measuring Sustainability: Learning by Doing (London: Earthscan), 1(4), pp. 193–218.
[3]. Berteneli, L, et. al, Sustainable Economic development and The Environment: Theory and Evidence, Core Discussion Paper,2006
[4]. Calderon, C. And Serven, L, The Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Income Distribution,2004
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[7]. Daly, H, Towards Some Operational Principle of Sustainable Development, Ecological Economics 2, 1990,1-6
[8]. East Java Province Highways, Pembangunan Jalan Lintas Selatan (JLS) Jawa Timur, 2010
[9]. Galeotti Mario, Economic Development and Environmental Protection, Nota Di Lavoro 89, 2003
[10]. Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (Dec. 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248

Abstract: To whom do we attribute the negative consequences of the Reformation to? Was the Reformation the outcome of Luther's rebellious spirit, or a culmination of multiplicity of factors? Who was Luther in the medieval church? These are some of the puzzling questions this paper has attempted to answer with historical insight. The study shows that the medieval church was ripe for reforms and that calls for reforms antedates the protest of Luther and other reformers in the sixteenth century. The research leads contemporary ecclesiastical historians into a multifaceted historical analysis on the causation and political forces that made the Reformation inevitable. Keywords: Ecclesiastical history, Reformation, Causation, Protestantism, Catholicism

[1]. Allen, J. (trans.) (1930). John Calvin: The Institutes of the Christian Religion, Philadelphia: Westminster.
[2]. Atkinson, C. J. (1988) "Martin Luther" in New Dictionary of Theology, (eds.) Sinclair B. Ferguson, David F. Wright and J. I. Packer, Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Varsity, 401 404.
[3]. Austin, Bill R. (1987). Austin's Topical History of Christianity, Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale.
[4]. Bainton, R. (1958). The Travail of Religious Liberty, New York: Harper.
[5]. Burns, Edward Mcnall (1973). Western Civilizations: Their Culture, Vol. 1. 8th ed.; New York: Norton.
[6]. Cheney, E. P. (1927). Law in History and Other Essays, New York: Macmillan.
[7]. Cantor, Norman F. (1969). Western Civilization: Its Genesis and Destiny, Glenview, Illinois: Foresman.
[8]. Collins English Dictionary (1979). London: William Collins.
[9]. Concordia Self-Study Bible (NIV) (1973).
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Abstract: The status of woman in Islam is a recurring theme in global feminist discourse. While there is a consensus that Islam has done much to improve the condition of woman compared to what was obtained in pre-Islamic Arabia- the Jahiliyya period, some scholars are worried over the conservative reinvigoration and perpetuation of medieval doctrines against women in the twenty-first century. The study shows that of all religions, Islam has been meticulous in preserving and defending the rights of woman. Since the intention of the study is not apologetic, but a critical reflection on problematic religious prescriptions, the study represents an advocacy for the abolition of doctrines and rules that are obnoxious and repugnant to natural justice. Islamic endorsement of plural marriage is unacceptable in the 21st century. Whatever consideration and reasons that led Islam in medieval period to permit optional marriage of four women by one man, such reasons do not exist in modern society. This study recommends monogamous marriage for Islam. Passages on veiling and seclusion of woman and wife beating should be expunged from Islamic sacred books. While this may appear difficult, it is the opinion of this paper that Islam is in dire need of reforms to reposition it for global acceptance and participation in the 21st century.

Keywords: Islam, women liberation, feminism, modernism, women's rights

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[8]. Boa, Kenneth (1986). Cults, World Religions and You. Chicago: Victor Books.
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Abstract: As human civilization grew, a need arose to develop certain institutions & organizations, the most important & latest of which was the state itself. Primarily this institution was concerned with administration of Justice & defence. Now for this administration of justice & defence, the state needed to empower certain people so as to legitimize their work. However more often than not the power conferred came to be abused proving the dictum right that power corrupts & absolute power corrupts absolutely. The State instead of being a protector became an oppressor. The dominating philosophy of Positive Law furthered the dictatorship, which came to be practiced by the regimes like the Nazi in Germany. Such regimes thriving on the philosophy that law is what is made, irrespective of its goodness or badness & completely ignoring the concept of what law "ought‟ to be, made things worse for the ruled. In this way self-styled autocratic rules came to be formed & promulgated, not for the benefit of the governed but the vested interests of the governing.

Keywords: Human Rights, Human Rights Protection, Protection, Natural Law, Individual, Freedom

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Abstract: Varanasi has a significant universal value and spiritual quality, on account of its architectural heritage is linked strongly, since centuries, to the living cultural and religious traditions of three of the major religions of the world which are Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. According to their followers the city is one of the most important religious pilgrimage destinations. Even today traditional worship, religious rituals, beliefs and festivals are still practiced in here. While Varanasi is predominately associated with Hinduism, strong ties to Buddhism and Jainism also exist in this region. This paper, therefore, targets to mention about significance of Varanasi in terms of Indian religions, respectively, and informs about major holy sites such as River Gangas, Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Sarnath and Bachraj Ghat also known as Jain Ghat which are related to Indian Religions. This article, on the other hand, aims to demonstrate that why this old city is regarded as holy by individuals who belong to different Indian religions.

Keywords: Holy site, Indian religions, Sarnath, Varanasi (Banaras)

[1] Peter Heehs, Indian religions: A historical reader of spiritual expression and experience (New York, New York University Press, 2002), p. 7; J. R. Sachar, Social, economic and educational status of the muslim community of India (New Delhi, Cirrus Graphics Pvt. Ltd., 2006), p. 28.
[2] Rana P.B. Singh and Dar V., Varanasi as heritage city (India) on the scale the UNESCO world heritage list: From contestation to conservation. International Conference on Communication for Development in the Information Age: Extending the Benefits of Technology for All, Varanasi, BHU, 2003, 1-11.
[3] Wilbert M. Gesler and Margaret Pierce, Hindu Varanasi, The Geographical Review, 90 (2), 2000, 222-237.
[4] Rana P.B. Singh, Cultural landscapes and lifeworld. literary images of Banaras (Varanasi, Indica Books, 2004), p. 10.

[5] Niels Gutschow, Benares: The sacred landscape of Varanasi (Axel Menges, 2006).

[6] Myra Shackley, Managing sacred sites: Service provision and visitor experience (Cengage Learning, 2001), p. 121.

Abstract: After advent of era of democracy and awakening, woman realized their political strength and power and started feminist movement in the West. Different writers and thinkers, majority of whom were women, started writing in revolt against criminal and civil rights‟ abrogation, infringement and violation of rights of women. To safeguard and to protect these women rights, a new feministic jurisprudence was evolved against the old theory of law of patriarchy, which envisages that males hold dominant power. Accordingly the language of law has been defined, shaped and interpreted in a manner to determine the part generally played by women in society. Eventually old patriarchal jurisprudence was rejected by liberal feminists and "Cultural Feminism‟ was stressed and propagated for changing the social and legal position of women

[1]. U.N. Report of 1980, U.N. Charter and other U.N. publications (from net).
[2]. Justice A. S. Anand: "Justice for Women", page 4.
[3]. Prof. Janet Refkin: "Towards a Theory of law and Patriarchy", 1980.
[4]. Prof. Susan Okin: "Women in Western Political Thought", 1979.
[5]. Prof. Lucinda Finley: "Breaking Women‟s silence in Law", 1989.
[6]. Resolutions adopted by UN and its related or constituted bodies regarding rights of Women.
[7]. Sydney Brandon: "Violence in Family", 1976.
[8]. Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.
[9]. Times of India, New Delhi, 4.1.2008 and 20.7.2006.

Abstract: International relation is viewed in the dual perspective of cooperation and conflict while diplomacy and war are the instruments for this relationship or foreign policy. Nevertheless in contemporary international relations, nations politely engage in diplomacy and eschew war as reciprocity is expected. More so, war has been prohibited as an instrument of foreign policy as evident in the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the United Nations Charter. Oblivious of this fact the African Union (AU) attempted to diplomatically mediate the crisis that engulfed Libya. Unfortunately the diplomatic overture of the AU was ignored by Western Forces who declared war on Libya. The article weighs the options of diplomacy and war with a view to determining what should come first. Is it the diplomatic efforts of the AU through the Roadmap for Libya or the declaration of war by Allied Forces? The article concludes that to forestall plunging the world back into the era of brazen imperialistic barbarism that war should remain the last recourse. It suggest that in consonance with Article 33 of the UN Charter parties to a dispute that might endanger peace should first seek a resolution through negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies etc.

Keywords: Diplomacy, War, First, Recourse, Roadmap

[1] Cogan James (2011, Jul 16), As military operations stall, US recognises Libyan rebels, Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International

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[6] Starke J. G. (1983), An Introduction to International Law, Butterworth and Co Publishers, London

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[8] Harold Nicolson ―Diplomacy‖ in Hamilton Keith and Langhorne Richard (1998) The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration. Routledge, London
[9] Hunt Peter (2008), Review of Raaflaub's War and Peace in the Ancient World, University of Colorado
[10] Raaflaub K. A. (2007), War and Peace in the Ancient World, Oxford: Blackwell Press

Abstract: The Nationalist Movement of India remains, an inspiring, entrancing and a saga of great sacrifice of flamboyant personalities. It contains the story of spectacular acts of courage and of silent but of solid constructive activity. It was a story of a grim battle against imperial exploitation and also an evolution of a "nation in the making‟. In this period there are stories of women who participated in the nationalist movement equally with men inspite of the fact that the society they were situated in was an equally oppressive social order. Women specially of the elite had educated middle class segment of the society were involved initially but the situation soon changed with the involvement of women in increasing proportion when the Congress led the struggle for national independence especially in the wake of Gandhi‟s pre-eminence on the Indian political scene in the post 1919 era.

[1]. ABP (July 24,1930),p.3, (July 26,1930),p.5. A case for Constitutional Recognition of Nepali. AINBS-Darjeeling, 1976.
[2]. A case for Constitutional Recognition of Nepali. AINBS-Darjeeling, 1976.
[3]. B.T. Ranadive: 1986, Gorkhaland Agitation: A Part of Imperialist Plot in East. September, 1986.
[4]. Bagchi, G.C,1972. Village Survey Monograph on Upper Pedong. Census of India, 1961.
[5]. Bista, D.B.1980. People of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.
[6]. Campbell, A. 1905. Final Report on the Survey and Settlement of the Kalimpong Government Estate in the District of Darjeeling, 1901-1903. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press.
[7]. Chemjong, Iman Singh.1966. History and Culture of the Kirat People. 3rd Ed.Nepal:Tumeng Hang.
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Abstract: Business has always been an important component of society from time immemorial. It is difficult to imagine a society that does not have a business sector where the exchange of goods and services takes place. However, business takes place within socio-cultural and ethical contexts. This article revisits Hunhu/ Ubuntu Philosophy (good ethical human behaviour) as observed by the Shona people of Zimbabwe and considers how it shapes business in rural Shona communities in Zimbabwe. It critically reflects on how rural businesspersons fare within the expectations of Hunhu/ Ubuntu viz-a-viz Western business approaches. Data were obtained from 100 informants randomly selected from rural Shona communities. The participants were former and current businesspersons involved in various lines of business. Among other issues, the interview questions were directed towards the people's motivation in starting business, the effects of Hunhu/ Ubuntu on business and the subsequent viability of rural businesses over the years. The responses provided helpful insights on the place of Hunhu/ Ubuntu in the African business environment.

Key words: Business, Hunhu/ Ubuntu, Shona community, sustainability

[1] C. Hudson-Weems, Africana Womanist Literary Theory (Asmara: Africa World Press, 2004).

[2] C. Hudson-Weems, Africana Womanist Literary Theory (Asmara: Africa World Press, 2004).

[3] F. M. Nafukho, Ubuntu Worldview: A Traditional African View of Adult Learning in the Workplace, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 8 (3), 408-415.

[4] M.B. Ramose, African Philosophy through Ubuntu. (Harare: Mond Books, 1999).

[5] S. Samkange and T. M. Samkange, Hunhuism or Ubuntuism: A Zimbabwean Indigenous Political Philosophy, (Salisbury: Graham Publishing Company).

[6] C. Pearce, Tsika, Hunhu and the Moral Education of Primary School Children, Zambezia XVII (ii), 1990, 145-160.

[7] M.B. Ramose, African Philosophy through Ubuntu. (Harare: Mond Books, 1999).
[8] R. Nicolson, Persons in community: Ubuntu in the global village, in R. Nicolson (Ed.), Persons in Community: African Ethics in a Global Culture (Kwazulu-Natal: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press, 2008) 136-287.

[9] F. Mangena, On Ubuntu and Retributive Punishment in Korekore-Nyombwe Culture: Emerging Ethical Perspective (Harare: Best Practices Books, 2012).

[10] P. Mashiri, K. Mawondo and P. Tom, Naming the Pandemic: Semantic and Ethical Foundations of HIV/AIDS Shona Vocabulary, Zambezia XXIX (ii), 2002, 221-234.

Abstract: development, female labourforce, gender related development indices, push factors, economic factors, poverty, modification, binary logistic regression.

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