iosr-JMCE   International Conference on Advances in Engineering & Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014)

Abstract: Shear Modulus of a material helps in measuring its stiffness and its response to shearing strain. In this paper Investigation on the modulus rigidity of the retrofitted brick masonry panel is aimed and a low-cost and easy method of retrofitting for the unreinforced brick masonry structures is proposed. To accomplish this, an experimental investigation on retrofitted brick panels with different materials such as Polypropylene packaging strips, Metallic packaging strips, Nylon wire, G I wire under in-plane diagonal loading is carried out. Experimental results showed the modulus of rigidity of the retrofitted brick masonry panel is much more as compared to non-retrofitted panels.

Keywords: modulus of rigidity; brick masonry panel; retrofitting; in-plane diagonal loading ; shear stress; shear strain.

1] Bothara JK, Hicisyilmaz KMO. General observations of building behaviour during the 8th October 2005 Pakistan earthquake. Bull NZ Soc Earthquake Eng 2008;41(4):209–33. [2] Zhao T, Zhang X, Tian Z. Analysis of earthquake damage to masonry school buildings in Wenchuan earthquake. World In Earthquake Eng 2009;25(3):150–8. [3] Kaplan H, Bilgin H, Yilmaz S, Binici H, Öztas A. "Structural damages of L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 2010;10(3):499–507. [4] Najif Ismail, Robert B. Petersen, Mark J. Masia, Jason M. Ingham, "Diagonal shear behaviour of unreinforced masonry wallettes strengthened using twisted steel bars. Constr Build Mater (2011), doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.063. [5] Asplund SO. Strengthening bridge slabs with grouted reinforcement. J Am Concr Inst 1949;20(6):397–406 [6] Abrams D, Smith T, Lynch J, Franklin S. Effectiveness of rehabilitation on seismic behavior of masonry piers. J Struct Eng ASCE 2007;133(1):32–43.

Abstract: In this paper investigation on collapse time of retrofitted brick masonry panel is aimed and an economical and easy technique of retrofitting for the unreinforced brick masonry structures is proposed. To accomplish this, an experimental investigation of un-retrofitted brick panels and retrofitted brick panels with different materials under in-plane diagonal loading is carried out. It was found by after the experimental studies, the collapse time of the retrofitted brick masonry panel was increased as compared to non-retrofitted panels. The behavior of failure of all non-retrofitted panels were brittle with no further load being maintained whereas retrofitted panels continued to carry the load after initial failure.

Keywords: Collapse time, Load- Deflection curve, Retrofitted brick masonry panel

[1] J. Macabuag and S Bhattacharya, "Extending The Collapse Time of Non-Engineered Masonry Buildings Under Seismic Loading", The Structural Engineer: Vol. 86, Issue 07, Apr 2008. [2] Tetley R. & Madabhushi G., "Vulnerability of adobe buildings under earthquake loading", Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. June 25-28, 2007. Paper No. 1244. [3] Wisnumurti, Sri Murni Dewi, Agoes Soehardjono, "Ductility Improvement of Brick Masonry Wall Using Local Materials for Anticipation of Earthquake Forces", Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(10)1699-1703, 2011. [4] ASTM: E519-02, "Standard Test Method for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages", American Society for Testing and Materials (2002). [5] Euro Code 72-1995 Test for Masonry Assemblages.

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to study the effects of polypropylene fiber on the flexure strength of concrete. The experimental programmed was under taken to test standard concrete beam of size (150 X 150)mm with a span 700 mm for studying strength in flexure. The sample were compared without any fiber and with polypropylenes fiber of intensity 0.89 kg per cum of concrete. To provide a basis for flexure, reference specimens were cast without polypropylene fiber. The test results showed that the mechanical properties of flexural strength resulting from added of polypropylene fiber was relatively high.

Keywords: Polypropylene Fiber, Polypropylene Concrete, Mix Design, Flexural Strength.

[1] Bayasi, Z. and Zeng, J."PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE" ACI Materials Journal, Nov-Dec 1993, Vol. 90, No. 6, pp 605-610. [2] JCI Standards for Test Methods of Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Method of Test for Flexural Strength and Flexural Toughness of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (Standard SF4), Japan Concrete Institute, 1983, pp. 45 – 51. [3] ASTM C1018 – 89, Standard Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First Crack Strength of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam with Third – Point Loading)

Abstract: The global cement industry contributes around 1.35 billion tons of the greenhouse gas emissions annually, or about 7% of the total man-made greenhouse gas emissions to the earth's atmosphere. This paper deals with the reduction of these emissions by the use of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete. It is a great deal towards conserving the environment as the main raw material- the geopolymer concrete is obtained from the potentially harmful and toxic fly ash, which is also a generated waste from several combustion processes. This paper also gives an insight about the physical properties of the polymer and its effects with regard to the curing time, water content and super plasticizer, along with the manufacturing techniques of the fly ash based geopolymer concrete.

Keywords -greenhouse gas emissions,toxic fly ash,super plastic

I take this opportunity to thank the following people without whom this paper would not have been possible. 1.Dr.Elwin Chandra Monie, M.E, Ph.D, Principal 2. Dr.K.Chandrasekaran, M.Tech,PhD, Dean 3. Prof.K.andA.MohamedJunaid, M.E, Ph.D, Vice Principal

Abstract: A review is presented in this paper about the application of crushed sand as a smart material in concrete. After a brief outline of the theoretical as well practical studies few measures are reviewed to replace natural sand with manufactured crushed sand. This helps in reducing the likely damage to the ecological balance due excessive sand lifting from river beds, affecting the ground water level. Crushed sand as replaced materials to natural sand has become beneficial and is common in the world. Different researchers have carried out research to study the effect of use of crushed sand on properties of concrete. Hence, in this paper a review of various operational parameters viz. workability, durability and compressive strength is highlighted.

Keywords- crushed sand, durability, natural sand, compressive strength, workability

[1] Ahmed, A. E. and EI. Kourd A. A. ( 1989), 'Properties of concrete incorporating natural sand and crushed stone very fine sand' , American Concrete Journal , 86(4),417-424 . [2] Celik T. and Marar K. (1996),'Effect of crushed stone dust on some properties of concrete', Cement and Concrete Research, 26(7), 1121-1130. [3] Balapgol B and Kulkarni S.A. (2002), 'Strength and durability of concrete with Crushed sand', 27th Conference on our world in concrete & structures, 179-189 [4] Sahu A.K. ,Kumar S. and Sachan A.K. 'Crushed Stone waste as Fine Aggregates for concrete' , Indian concrete Journal. [5] Dr. Hadassa Baum and Dr. Amnon Katz, 'Influence of Fines on Concrete Mixes', National Building Research Institute, Technio - Israel Institute of Technology. [6] Dan Ravina 'Fly Ash to Improve the Workability of Structure Concrete made with Crushed sand as Fine Aggregate',National Building Research Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. [7] Kim J.K., Lee C.S. and Park C.K. (1997), 'The fracture characteristics of crushed lime stone sand concrete', Cement and concrete Research, 27(11), 1719-1729 [8] Reddy, M.V. and Reddy, C.N.V.S. (2007),'An experimental study of rock flour and insulator ceramic scrap in concrete', Journal of Institute of Engineer (India), Vol88, pp 4750. [9] Hameed, M. S. and Sekar A. S. S. (2009), 'Properties of green concrete containing quarry rock dust and Marble sludge powder as fine aggregates', ARPN journal of Engineering and applied Science, Vol.4 (4), pp 8389. [10] Ilangovana, R. Mahendrana, N. and Nagamanib, K. (2008), 'Strength and durability properties of concrete containing quarry rock dust as fine aggregates', ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol.3(5),pp 2026.

Abstract: In this paper, the finite element method has been applied to solve free vibration problems of laminated composite stiffened saddle shells with cutouts employing the eight-noded curved quadratic isoparametric element for shell with a three noded beam element for stiffener formulation. Specific numerical problems of earlier investigators are solved to compare their results. Moreover, free vibration problem of stiffened saddle shells with different size and position of the cutouts with respect to the shell centre for different edge constraints are examined to arrive at some conclusions useful to the designers. The results are presented in the form of figures and tables. The results are further analyzed to suggest guidelines to select optimum size and position of the cutout with respect to shell centre considering the different practical constraints.

Keywords - stiffened saddle shell, cutout, finite element, free vibration, laminated composites

[1] M. S. Qatu, Natural frequencies for cantilevered doubly-curved laminated composite shallow shells, Composite Structures, 17,
1991, 227-255.
[2] K. M. Liew, and C. W. Lim, Vibration behaviour of doubly-curved shallow shells of curvilinear planform, ASCE Journal of
Engineering Mechanics, 121, 1995, 1277-1283.
[3] D. Chakravorty, P. K. Sinha, and J. N. Bandyopadhyay, Applications of FEM on free and forced vibration of laminated shells.
ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 124, 1998, 1-8.
[4] D. K. Shin, Large amplitude free vibration behavior of doubly curved shallow open shells with simply supported edges,
Computers and Structures, 62, 1997, 35-49.
[5] D. Y. Tan, Free vibration analysis of shells of revolution, J. of Sound and Vibration, 213, 1998, 15-33.
[6] T. Kant, S. Kumar, and U. P. Singh, Shell dynamics with three dimensional finite elements, Computers and Structures, 50, 1994,
135-146.
[7] M. S. Qatu, R. W. Sullivan, and W. Wang, Recent research advances on the dynamic analysis of composite shells:2000-2009.,
Composite Structures, 93, 2010, 14-31.
[8] S. Sahoo, Dynamic characteristics of stiffened composite conoidal shell roofs with cutouts: Design aids and selection guidelines,
Journal of Engineering, 2013, ID: 230120, 1-18.

Abstract: This Paper reviews the recent studies which were carried out on Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) and compare it with Normal Concrete (NC). Almost all countries in the world are facing an acute decline in the availability of skilled labor in the construction industry, and hence the need of Special Concretes becomes very essential in this world where the use of concrete is just next to the water. The word "Special Concrete" refers to the concrete which meets the special performance and requirements which may not be possible by using conventional materials and normal methods of concreting. Self Compacting Concrete is one of the type of a special concrete which flows and consolidates under its own weight thereby eliminates the problems of placing concrete in difficult conditions and also reduces the time in placing large sections and at the same time giving high strength and better durability characteristics as compared to the Normal Concrete. This paper discusses the various aspects of SCC including the materials and mix design, different test methods such as V-funnel test, L- Box test etc., and also its performance characteristics and properties in the fresh and hardened state. Keywords– Durability, SCC, Special Concrete, Superplasticizers, Viscosity.

1] H. Okamura, "Self Compacting High Performance Concrete – Ferguson Lecture for 1996," Concrete International, Vol. 19, No. 7, 1997, pp. 50 – 54.

[2] H. Okamura, "Self Compacting Concrete", Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Vol 1, No 1, April 2003, pp 5-15.

[3] "Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete", EFNARC, Feb 2002. ISBN 0953973344. [4] H. Okamura and M. Ouchi, "Applications of Self-Compacting Concrete in Japan," Proceedings of the 3rd International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, O. Wallevik and I. Nielsson, Ed., RILEM Publications, 2003, pp. 3 – 5.

Abstract: Performance based Plastic design method is a rapidly growing design methodology based on the possible performance of the building during earthquakes. It is very essential after the recent earthquakes to study the performance of structures so that the structures can be designed to withstand the different ground motions. In this study, a fifteen storey steel moment resisting frames are designed by the Performance based Plastic design method and conventional elastic design method and evaluated by Nonlinear static (Push over Analysis) and Nonlinear dynamic analysis (Time history analysis) under eight different ground motions. From the Nonlinear time history analysis it can be seen that ground motions causes larger displacements and acceleration in the Performance based Plastic design frame as compared to Elastic design frame. From the above studies it was found that the nonlinear static pushover analysis shows formation of hinges in columns of the frame designed using elastic design approach leading to collapse and formation of hinges in the beams of the Performance based Plastic design frame leading to increased Performance which clearly indicates that the Performance based Plastic design method gives economical sections in terms of the optimum capacity utilization as compared with Elastic design method.

Keywords: Performance based Plastic Design (PBPD), Target drift, Yield mechanism, Pushover Analysis, Time History Analysis.

[1] Subhash. C. Goel 1, Wen-cheng liao1, M. Reza Bayat2 and Shih-ho Chao2 "performance-based plastic design (pbpd) method for earthquake-resistant structures: an overview" the structural design of tall and special buildings struct. design tall spec. build. 19, 115–137 (2010) published online 16 October 2009 in wiley interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). doi: 10.1002/tal.547 [2] Shih-ho Chao, M. Reza Bayat and Subhash .C. Goel3 "performance-based plastic design of steel concentric braced frames for enhanced confidence level" the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, china [3] Sejal .P. Dalal, Sandeep .A. Vasanwala, Atul .K. Desai3 " applying performance based plastic design method to steel moment resisting frame in accordance with the Indian standard code" international journal of engineering and technology volume 2 no. 3, march, 2012 [4] Sejal .P. Dalal, Andeep .A. Vasanwala& Atul K. Desai "comparative evaluation of elastic design and performance based plastic design method for a steel moment resisting frame" international journal of civil, structural, environmental and infrastructure engineering research and development (ijcseierd) issn 2249-6866 vol.2, issue 3, sep 2012 76-97© tjprc pvt. ltd. [5] Abhilash. R. Biju V. Rahul Leslie 10th National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT09) 6-7 Nov 2009Effect of Lateral Load Patterns in Pushover Analysis [6] D. R. Sahoo1 and s.-h. chao2 "performance-based plastic design method for buckling restrained braced frames" proceedings of the 9th u.s. national and 10th Canadian conference on earthquake engineering compte rendu de la 9ième conférence nationale américaine et10ième conférence canadienne de génie parasismique July 25-29, 2010, Toronto, Ontario, Canada • paper no 591

Abstract: The Buildings on hill differ from other buildings. The various floors of such building steps back towards the hill slope and at the same time buildings may have setbacks also. Buildings situated in hilly areas are much more vulnerable to seismic environment. In this study, 3D analytical model of eight storied buildings have been generated for symmetric and asymmetric building Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'Etabs" to study the effect of varying height of columns in ground storey due to sloping ground and the effect of shear wall at different positions during earthquake. Seismic analysis has been done using Linear Static, Linear Dynamic method and evaluated using pushover analysis. From the above studies it has been observed that the performance of the buildings on sloping ground suggests an increased vulnerability of the structure with formation of column hinges at base level and beam hinges at each story level at performance point. For the buildings studied, it is found that the plastic hinges are more in case of buildings resting on sloping ground as compared to buildings resting on plain ground.

Agarwal, P., and Shrikhande M. 2006, Earthquake resistant design of structures (Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, India) Applied Technology Council (1996): Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, ATC-40, Vol 1. IS 1893 (Part-I) 2002: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part-I General Provisions and Buildings, Fifth Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

Abstract: Cement, sand and aggregate are basic needs for any construction industry. Sand is a prime material used for preparation of mortar and concrete and which plays a major role in mix design. Now a day's erosion of rivers and considering environmental issues, there is a scarcity of river sand. The non-availability or shortage of river sand will affect the construction industry, hence there is a need to find the new alternative material to replace the river sand, such that excess river erosion and harm to environment is prevented. Many researchers are finding different materials to replace sand and one of the major materials is quarry stone dust. Using different proportion of these quarry dust along with sand the required concrete mix can be obtained. This paper presents a review of the different alternatives to natural sand in preparation of mortar and concrete. The paper emphasize on the physical and mechanical properties and strength aspect on mortar and concrete.

Keywords- Sand, Quarry Stone Dust, Alternative Material, Physical Properties, Mechanical Properties.

[1] National sand study for Sri Lanka, vols. 1 and 2. Final Report, Phase 1, Delft Hydraulics, 1992.
[2] Dias WPS. The analysis of proposed change and stakeholder response– a case study, Civil Environ Eng Syst, 2000, Vol. 17,1–17.
[3] National practices and regulations in the extraction of marine sand and gravel, Ch. 3 in Sandpit Book. <http://sandpit.wldelft.nl/reportpage/reportpage.htm>.
[4] http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/msand-thrown-up-as-an-alternative-to-river-sand/article3752772.ece
[5] Arivalagan.S, Experimental study on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams as replacement of copper slag as fine aggregate, Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, 2013, Vol. 3, 176-182.
[6] M C Nataraja, P G Dileep Kumar, A S Manu and M C Sanjay, Use of granulated blast furnace slag as fine aggregate in cement mortar, Int. J. Struct. & Civil Engg. Res., 2013, Vol. 2, 60-68.
[7] Meenakshi Sudarvizhi and S. Ilangovan , Performance of copper slag and ferrous slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete International Journal of Civil & Structural Engineering, 2011, Vol. 1, 918-27.
[8] Mohd Syahru, Hisyam bin Mohd Sani, Fadhluhartini bt Muftah and Zulkifli Muda , The properties of special concrete using washed bottom ash (wba) as partial sand replacement, International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology, 2010, Vol. 1, No 2, 65-78.
[9] Chandana Sukesh, Katakam Bala Krishna, P.Sri Lakshmi Sai Teja and S.Kanakambara Rao, Partial replacement of sand with quarry dust in concrete, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), 2013, Vol. 2, 254-58.
[10] Vipul D. Prajapati, Nilay Joshi and Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Techno- economical study of rigid pavement by using the used foundry sand, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT),2013,Vol. 4, 1620-28.

Abstract: The present investigation aims at producing the concrete specimens by reinforcing glass rods and optical fibers with different percentage and comparing it with the normal concrete. Different tests were carried out on the concrete specimens like compressive strength test, light transmission test etc. The compressive strength results obtained for the specimens with optical fibers was almost same as that of normal concrete specimen. The transparency of concrete specimens with glass fibers was found to be more as compared to the specimens with glass rods, for which the compressive strength of the latter was more than the normal concrete specimens, which clearly indicates that without affecting the strength transparency of light is possible in concrete which enhances the architectural view. Keywords – Compressive strength, glass rods, LDR, Light transmiiting concrete, optical fibers.

[[1] Design and manufacture of translucent architectural precast panels by alejandro fastag (pretecsa group mexico, ceo). [2] Jianping He, Zhi Zhou and JinpingOu, Study on Smart Transparent Concrete Product and Its Performances ,proceedings of The 6th International Workshop on Advanced Smart Materials and Smart Structures Technology ANCRiSST2011 July 25-26, 2011, Dalian, China [3] D.D.L. Chung - Cement reinforced with short carbon fibers: a multifunctional material, paper published on Elsevier, Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 511-526 [4] Francesca AlbaniTransparent and Translucent Surfaces of Italian Architecture in the Thirties of XX Century. [5] A Study on Transparent Concrete: A Novel Architectural Material to Explore Construction Sector byBhavin K. Kashiyani, Varsha Raina, JayeshkumarPitroda, Dr. Bhavnaben K. Shah [6] Optical Fibres in the Modeling of Translucent Concrete BlocksbyM.N.V.PadmaBhushan, D.Johnson, Md. Afzal Basheer Pasha And Ms. K. Prasanthi

Abstract: design process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between economy and safety. In the present study G+5 building at Kukatpally, Hyderabad, India is designed (Slabs, Beams, Columns and Footings) using Auto CAD software. In order to design them, it is important to first obtain the plan of the particular building that is, positioning of the particular rooms (Drawing room, bed room, kitchen toilet etc.) such that they serve their respective purpose and also suiting to the requirement and comfort of the inhabitants. Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of beams and the position of columns are fixed. Thereafter, the loads are calculated namely the dead loads, which depend on the unit weight of the materials used (concrete, brick) and the live loads, which according to the code IS:456-2000 and HYSD BARS FE415 as per IS:1786-1985. Safe bearing capacity of soil is adopted as 350KN/M2 at a depth of 6ft and same soil should extent 1.5 times the width of footing below the base of footing. Footings are designed based on the safe bearing capacity of soil. For designing of columns and beams, it is necessary to know the moments they are subjected to. For this purpose, frame analysis is done by limit state method. Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one - way or a two way slab, the end conditions and the loading. From the slabs, the loads are transferred to the beam. Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear) from the beams are taken by the columns. Finally, the sections must be checked for all the four components with regard to strength and serviceability.

Keywords: Beams, columns, footings, slabs, Structural Designing.

[1] Divya kmath, K.Vandana Reddy, Analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures-A G+5 building model, miniproject report, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institue of Engineering and Technology, Hyderbad, India, 2012 [2] Soil and Foundation hand book, State Materials Office Gainesville, Florida, 2004 [3] IS: 875 (Part 1), Part 1: Dead Loads--Unit Weights of Building Materials (Second revision), Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000. [4] IS: 875 (Part 2), Part 2: imposed loads (Second revision), Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1987. [5] IS: 13920, Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1987. [6] IS: 456 ( Fourth Revision ), Plain And Reinforced Concrete - Indian Standard code of practice, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000.