iosr-JMCE   Volume-3 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: To authenticate the stability of homogeneous slopes, a simplified version of the friction circle method is presented in the proposed investigation. By introducing few simplified assumptions, the original friction circle method has been modified to provide a simpler and user-friendly technique for slope stability analysis of finite slopes. The graphical technique has been incorporated for the stability analysis of embankments in (c-) soils. The use of this method recompenses the drawbacks of other methods of their suitability for performing stability analysis in the field.
Keywords:c - cohesion,  - friction angle of soils,  - density of soil, ru - pore pressure ratio.

[1] Arrora K. R., "Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering", Standard Publisher Distributor, Fourth Edition, 1997.
[2] Bishop A.W., "The Use of Slip Circle in the Stability Analysis of Slopes", Geotechnique Vol. 5, No.1 pp 7 -17, 1955.
[3] Chen Z and Morgenstern N.R., "Extension to Generalized Method of Slices for Stability
[4] Analysis", Canadian Geotechnical Journal Vol. 20 No.1, pp 104-119, 1983.
[5] Donald W. Taylor, "Stability of Earth Slopes", Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. XXIV, No.3, pp 197-246, July 1937.
[6] E. Spencer, "A Method Analysis of the Stability of Embankments Assuming Parallel Interslice Forces", Geotechnique Vol. 17,
No.1, pp 11-26, 1967.
[7] G. Bhattacharya and P.K. Basudhar, "A New Procedure for Finding Critical Slip Surface in Slope Stability Analysis", Indian
Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 31, No.2, pp 149-171, 2001.
[8] G. Bhattacharya and P.K. Basudhar, "Generalized Procedure of Slices for Analysis of Zoned Dams Under Steady Seepage", Indian
Geotechnical Journal, Vl. 31, No.2, pp 173-193, 2001.
[9] L.D. Wesley and V. Leelaratnam, "Shear Strength Parameters from Back Analysis of Single
[10] Slips", Geotechique Vol. 51, No.4, pp. 373-374, 2001.

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a method to calculate the correlation coefficient of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets by means of "centroid". The value which obtained from this method tell us the strength of relationship between the generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets [11] and the whether the generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets are positively or negatively related. This method looks better than previous methods which only evaluated the strength of relation. Furthermore, we extended the "centroid" method to interval-valued generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The value of the correlation coefficient between interval-valued generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets lies in the interval [-1, 1], as computed from our formula.
Keywords: Centroid, Correlation coefficient, Interval-valued generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets, Generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets.

[1] Ding-An Chiang and Nancy P. Lin, (1997), "Correlation of fuzzy sets", Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 102: 221-226.
[2] Gerstenkorn, T., Manko, J., (1991), "Correlation of intuitionistic fuzzy sets". Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 44, 39-43.
[3] Hong, D. H. and Hwang, S. W., (1995), "Correlation of intuitionistic fuzzy sets in probability spaces". Fuzzy Sets and Systems,
75: 77-81.
[4] Hung, W. L., (2001), "Using statistical viewpoint in developing correlation of intuitionistic fuzzy sets". International Journal of
Uncertainty Fuzziness Knowledge Based Systems, 9: 509-516.
[5] Hung, W. L. and Wu, J. W., (2002), "Correlation of intuitionistic fuzzy sets by centroid method". Information Sciences, 144:
219-225.
[6] K. Atanassov, (1986), "Intuitionistic fuzzy sets". Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 20:87-96.
[7] L. A. Zadeh, (1965), "Fuzzy sets". Information and Control, 8: 338-353.
[8] L. A. Zadeh, (1968), "Probability measures of fuzzy events", Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 23: 421-427.
[9] Turksen, I., (1986), "Interval-valued fuzzy sets based on normal form". Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 20: 191-210.
[10] A.A.Salam and S.A.Alblowi "NEUTROSOPHIC SET AND NEUTROSOPHIC TOPOLOGICAL SPACES" Accepted in
International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR) M. Journal 2012.

Abstract: Khalashpir coal field is the 3rd largest coal field in Bangladesh, where coal occurs at depths of 257m to 483m below the surface. Considering the Geological, Geo-environment and other related geoengineering information, underground mining have been selected there to extract the deposit. In this paper, our concern is about shaft sinking method for underground mining. Depths of the coal seams reveal the necessity of a vertical shaft underground which again needs deep excavation. The problem arises with the excavation because of nearly 138m thick Dupitila Sandstone Formation just 6m below the surface in the area. It is loose, water bearing, containing dominantly porous and permeable sandstone and experiences massive water flow. So, the major concern is that any excavation through this will readily collapse and suffer massive water inrush. This will totally disturb the whole mining work progression and cause economic loss as well. By analyzing the ground condition of the Khalashpir cola field, artificial ground freezing has been identified most appropriate as shaft sinking method to control the ground water and to stabilize the loose soil during excavation. Lawfulness of the method and reason of neglecting other two common shaft sinking methods has been pointed out in this paper.
Keywords:Shaft sinking, freezing method, Ice wall, Ground Water, Caisson Sinking and Dewatering Method

Journal Papers:
[1] Harris J.S, Ground Freezing In Practice (Thomas Telford Services Ltd, London, 1995).
[2] Osborne J, Shaft Excavation In Frozen Ground At Point 5.
Theses:
[3] Mondal Debasis, MSc thesis (2004) Selection of Mining Method in The Khalashpir Coal Field, Rangpur, Bangladesh.
Unpublished Papers:
[4] China Jinan Mining Development Corporation (2006) Techno-economic Feasibility Study of Khalashpir Coal Mine Project, Dhaka,
Bangladesh (unpublished).
[5] Dr. Yong Om Kil, Khalashpir Coal Mine Project, Pirganj, Rangpur (2005) Pumping Test Report of Exploration Boreholes on
Khalashpir Coal Field (unpublished).
[6] Korea South-South Cooperation Corporation (1997) Construction of Skip Shaft-1 (Freezing Sinking Section) Technical Design
(unpublished).
[7] Korea South-South Cooperation Corporation (NAMNAM) (2005) Recommendation on Selection of Conceptional Shaft Location on
Khalashpir Coal Field (unpublished).

Abstract: The main objective of this research is to find alternate specimens for friction determination, and develop their friction calibration curve. Finite Element simulation is carried out using these alternative specimens and friction calibration curves are generated. Result of these curves is compared with ring compression test. The result of this investigation shows that such alternative specimens may play important role in friction determination in absence of ring specimen. It is observed that the geometry of those specimens which consist any geometrical shape inside circle give very close friction values.
Keywords:Friction Coefficient, Metal Forming Process, Ring Compression Test, Finite Element

[1] Kunogi, ""A New Method of Cold Extrusion,‟‟ J. Sci. Research Inst.,Tokyo, Vol. 50, pp. 215–246, 1956
[2] Male, and Cockcroft, ""A method for the Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Metals Under Condition of Bulk Plastic
Deformation,'' J. Inst. Met., Vol.93, pp. 38–46,1964–65
[3] Lee, Cheng I Weng and Jee Gong Chang, " A prediction of the friction factor for the forging process", Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions B, Vol. 32, pp 137-143, 2001
[4] Bugini, Maccarini, Giardini, Pacaggnilla, and Levi, "The Evalution of Flow Stress and Friction in Upsetting of Rings and Cylinders",
Annals of the CIRP, Vol. 42/1, pp. 335-338, 1993.
[5] Hayhurst, Chan, "Determination of friction models for metallic die work piece interfaces", International Journal of Mechanical
Sciences, Vol. 47, pp. 1-25, 2005.
[6] Sofuoglu Hasan, Jahan Rasty, "Determination of friction coefficient utilizing the ring compression test", Journal of Engineering
Materials and Technology, pp. 338-348, 2001.
[7] User‟s manual, ABACUS software, 2011.

Abstract: Now-a-days it is very difficult to find exact failure and fracture mechanism in complex devices. This analysis gives better approach towards the modes of failure and relation between the crack opening displacements with stress triaxility, which strongly affects the ductile fracture of the body for compact tension shear type of geometry (CTS specimen). Also the effect of mode mixity ratio on the size of the material and other fracture parameters has been analysed. In this analysis the behavior of crack with respect to load in mode I and mixed mode II is described and FEM technique used for stress distribution. Variation of load inclination angle with respect to stress triaxility, variation of crack tip opening displacement with stress triaxility in the compact tension specimen is also discussed with findings.
Keywords:Crack opening displacement EPFM, LEFM, Mixed mode, Stress triaxiality

D. K. MAHANTY AND S. K. MAITI (1990) EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT STUDIES ON MODE I AND MIXED MODE (I AND II)
STABLE CRACK GROWTH-I, EXPERIMENTAL ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS VOL. 37, NO. 6, PP. 1237-1250, 1990
[1] J. N. Robinson (1976), An experimental investigation of the effect of specimen type on the crack tip opening displacement and J -
integral fracture criteria, International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 12, No. 5, October
[2] A. M. Abdel mageed and R. K. Pandey (2001) mixed mode crack growth under static and cyclic loading in al-alloy sheets,
Engineering Fracture Mechanic Vol. 40,No. 2, pp. 371-3851
[3] V. Srinivas and V. Vasudevan (1993) studies of mixed mode crack propagationin d16at aluminium alloy, Engineering Fracture
Mechanics, Vol 45, No. 4, pp. 435-430, 1993
[4] J. N. Robinson and A. S. Tetelman (1975) The relationship between crack tip opening displacement, local strain and specimen
geometry, International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 11, No. 3
[5] S. K. Maiti a.h. i. Mourad (1995), criterion for mixed mode stable crackgrowth - ii. Compact tension geometry with and without
stiffener, Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 349-378, 1995
[6] S. K. Maiti and p. D. Savla (1993) experimental and finite element study on mode i stable crack growth in symmetrically stiffened
compact tension specimen, Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 721-733, 1993
[7] S.K. Maiti, S. Namdeoa, A.H.I. Mourad (2008) A scheme for finite element analysis of mode I and mixed mode stable crack growth
and a case study with AISI 4340 steel, Nuclear Engineering and Design 238 (2008) 787–800
[8] Sova bhat'tacharya and a. n. icumar (1991) a new approach for ctod evaluation ln slow crack growth situations, Engineering
Fracture Mechanics Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 108~1103
[9] Shailendra Singh Bhadauria, M.S. Hora, K.K. Pathak, (2009) Effect of Stress Triaxiality on Yielding of Anisotropic Materials under
Plane Stress Condition, Journal of Solid Mechanics Vol. 1, No. 3 (2009) pp. 226-232
[10] Shailendra Singh Bhadauria, K.K. Pathak, M.S. Hora, (2012), Maximization of Stress Triaxiality along Yield Locus of Isotropi c
Ductile Materials under Plane Strain Condition, Journal of Material Science – Poland, (Article in Press)

Abstract: Assumption of plane strain is valid for the structures made of isotropic and specially orthotropic materials. In case of generally orthotropic structure though the geometry, constraints and loading are symmetrical, the material arrangement may not permit to consider as a 2D plane strain problem such as an angle-ply laminate where the fibers are oriented in the plane of the plate. In such cases 3D analysis is required. However when the third dimension is infinitely long, the problem can be modeled with a finite length plate without losing the accuracy of the result. The present investigation deals with the identification of minimum length required to model an infinitely long FRP laminated plate under cylindrical bending with two different end conditions subjected to uniform pressure using three-dimensional finite element analysis. A four-layered angle-ply laminate with symmetric and anti-symmetric arrangement is modeled in ANSYS software and the required length for two different thickness ratios (S = 10, and 50) is determined based on the variation of transverse deflection and in-plane normal stress along the span direction of the plate.
Keywords:cylindrical bending, Finite element analysis, laminated plates, Orthotropic

[1]. Pagano N.J., Exact solutions for composite Laminates in Cylindrical Bending, Journal of Composite Materials Vol.3 (1969), p.
398.
[2]. Pagano N.J., Exact solutions for Rectangular Bidirectional Composites and Sandwich Plates, Journal of Composite Materials Vol.4
(1970), p. 20.
[3]. Pagano N.J., Influence of shear coupling in Cylindrical Bending of Anisotropic Plates, Journal of Composite Materials Vol.4
(1970), p. 330.
[4]. Lekhnitskii S.G., Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Body, (Holden Day, 1963).
[5]. Kerr, A.D., An Extension of the Kantorovich Method, 1968, Q. Appl. Math., 4, pp. 219-229.
[6]. Lo K.H., Christensen R.M., and Wu E.M., A Higher Order Theory of Plate Deformation-Part 1: Homogeneous Plates, Journal of
Applied Mechanics, 1977, volume 44.
[7]. Reddy J.N., A Simple Higher-Order Theory for Laminated Composite Plates, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1984, volume 51.
[8]. Kant T., and Swaminathan K., Analytical solutions for the static analysis of laminated composite and sandwich plates based on a
higher-order refined theory, Composite Structures 53, 2001, 73-85.
[9]. Xiao-Ping Shu, Kostas P. Soldatos, Cylindrical bending of angle-ply laminates subjected to different sets of edge boundary
conditions, Int. J. Solids Struct., 37, 4289-4307, 2000.
[10]. Ren J.G., Bending of simply-supported anti-symmetrically laminated rectangular plate under transverse loading, Composites
Science and Technology, Volume 28, Issue 3, 1987, pages 231-243.

Abstract:Solid Mechanics problems are classified as 1D, 2D and 3D problems based on geometry of the structure, constraints, loading and material arrangement. There are two approaches to analyze the plate known as classical bending theory and elasticity theory. The present investigation uses two-dimensional plane strain elasticity approach to solve a cylindrical bending problem which can be applied to thin as well as thick structures whereas classical bending theory is limited to analysis of thin structures only.
Keywords:Laminated plates, cylindrical bending, Finite element analysis, Orthotropic, Plane strain.

[1] Pagano N.J., "Exact solutions for composite Laminates in Cylindrical Bending" Journal of Composite Materials Vol.3 (1969), p.
398.
[2] Pagano N.J., "Exact solutions for Rectangular Bidirectional Composites and Sandwich Plates" Journal of Composite Materials
Vol.4 (1970), p. 20.
[3] Pagano N.J., "Influence of shear coupling in Cylindrical Bending of Anisotropic Plates" Journal of Composite Materials Vol.4
(1970), p. 330.
[4] Lekhnitskii S.G., "Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Body", Holden Day (1963).
[5] Kerr, A.D., "An Extension of the Kantorovich Method", 1968, Q. Appl. Math., 4, pp. 219-229.
[6] Santosh Kapuria and Poonam Kumari, "Extended Kantorovich Method for Three-Dimensional elasticity solution of Laminated
Composite structures in Cylindrical Bending", Journal of Applied Mechanics, ASME, November 2011, Vol.78/ 061004-1 to
061004-8.
[7] Ji-fan He, "Cylindrical bending of arbitrary cross-ply laminated plates, Composite Structures (ISSN 0263-8223), vol. 21, no. 2,
1992, p. 67-74.
[8] J.G. Ren., "bending theory of laminated plate",Composite Science and technology vol. 27, Issue 3, 1986, Pages 225- 248.
[9] Ashraf M. Zenkour, "Three-dimensional Elasticity Solution for Uniformly Loaded Cross-ply Laminates and Sandwich Plates",
Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials May 2007 vol. 9 no. 3 213-238.
[10] Bala Krishna Murthy V., "Analysis of Stresses Around Cutouts in Skew Laminated Composite Plates", PhD Thesis, JNTU
Hyderabad, 2005.