IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

ABSTRACT: In this work, an absolute method has been investigated to measure the 235U mass content in low and intermediate radioactive waste as a by-product in 99Mo production process, and at research labs. Destructive Assay (DA) using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to perform elemental analysis for the collected samples. Absolute Non Destructive Assay (NDA) methods in collaboration with general Monte-Carlo N-transport Code MCNP5 (MC) were employed to fully characterizing the samples. ICP-OES was used to determine the sample composition and the Multi-Group Analysis software (MGAU) was also used for the determination of uranium enrichment. The obtained results from the absolute method were compared with those estimated based on MGAU and ICP-OES. An agreement between the two methods was found within an estimated maximum difference of about 3.5%.

Keywords: Low and intermediate radioactive waste,liquid waste characterization, Monte Carlo, Multi group gamma –ray analysis method (MGAU,) Non-destructive method, Bulk measurements,

[1]. H. Yucel and H. Dikmen. Uranium enrichment measurements using the intensity ratios of self-fluorescence X-rays to 92* keV gamma ray in UXK spectral region, Talanta 2009; 78: 410-7
[2]. G. Zakrzewska-Trznadel, M. Harasimowicz and A.G. Chmielewski, Concentration of radioactive components in liquid low-level radioactive waste by membrane distillation, Journal of Membrane Science 163 (1999) 257–264
[3]. Marcelo Salvatore, Daniel Amaya, Nike Alaniz, Carlos Vindrola, Juan José Gil Gerbino, Background and Projects on LEU based production technologies of Molybdenum 99 within INVAP, 99Mo 2011, MOLYBDENUM-99TOPICAL MEETING,
[4]. IAEA Safety Standards, Classification of Radioactive Waste, General Safety Guide, No. GSG-1, 2009.
[5]. Categorizing Operational Radioactive Wastes, IAEA-TECDOC-1538, April 2007.
[6]. N. D. BETENEKOV, E. G. IPATOVA, A. A. DJAKOV, V. Yu. ROSTOVTSEV and E. I. ZLOKAZOVA, highly sensitive method of determination of fissile materials concentration in liquid radioactive waste of NPP, Radiation Measurements, Vol. 25, Nos I-4, pp. 405-407, 1995.

ABSTRACT: As devices shrink, there is a requirement to characterize the magnetic properties of individual inhomogeneous nanosized components. Here the site-specific giant magnetoresistance (GMR) of individual NiFe/Pt multilayer nanowires has been evaluated in the current perpendicular to plane (CPP) geometry using a new in-situ method directly inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this method a controlled magnetic field is produced directly inside the SEM using a custom designed electromagnet. Two nanomanipulators equipped with sharp tips enable the site-specific measurement of the resistance of individual nanowires in the gap between the coils as the field is varied. The CPP-GMR measurement of ~70 nm diameter individual NiFe/Pt multilayer nanowires shows that, at 500 Oe, the nanowires have a magnetoresistance effect of up to 5.8 % dependant on the nanowire layer thicknesses and magnetic field orientation. This in-situ method of GMR measurement enables precise nanocharacterisation of magnetoresistance of nanowires as a function of local nanowire microstructure, geometry, length, and field orientation, whilst concurrently allowing the observation of any changes to the microstructure.

Keywords: Giant magnetoresistance (GMR), multilayer nanowires, in-situ SEM.

[1]. J Sarkar, G Khan and A Basumallick Nanowires: properties, applications and synthesis via porous anodic aluminium oxide template, Bull. Mater. Sci. 30 271 (2007).
[2]. Y Cui, Q Wei, H park and C M Lieber, Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species, J. Science 293 1289 (2001).
[3]. L Berger, Emission of spin waves by a magnetic multilayer traversed by a current, Phys. Rev. B 54 9353. (1996).
[4]. S Sun, C B Murray, D Weller, L Folks, and A Moser, Monodisperse FePt Nanoparticles and Ferromagnetic FePt Nanocrystal Superlattices, Science 287 1989 (2000). [5]. Y Cui and CM Lieber, Functional Nanoscale Electronic Devices AssemUsing Silicon Nanowire Building Blocks, Science 291 851 (2001).
[6]. A Saedi, M Ghorbani, Electrodeposition of Ni–Fe–Co alloy nanowire modified AAO template, Materials Chemistry and Physics 91 417 (2005).
[7]. L Wang, K Yu-Zhang, A Metrot, P Bonhomme and M Troyon, TEM study of electrodeposited Ni/Cu multilayers in the form of nanowires, Thin Solid Films 288 86 (1996).

ABSTRACT: In this paper, the attenuation of FSO communication systems operating at selected wvelengths of 650nm, 850nm, 950nm and 1550nm in fog models is theoretically analyzed, using 16-PPM and NRZ-OOK modulation techniques over fog channel. Four fog models are employed for optical beam propagation horizontally at different wavelengths. The received signal power, SNR is analyzed. The characteristics of bit error rate BER for 16-PPM and NRZ -OOK optical modulation techniques are studied. Simulation results show that the performance of 1550nm is more suited for an FSO communication system. On the other hand, we discuss the suitability of modulation techniques under these fog models.
Keywords: Fog models, modulation, FSO, 16-PPM, NRZ-OOK.

[1]. B. Barua, D. Barua, Channel Capacity of Mimo FSO system under strong Turbulent Condition, IJECS-IJENS, 11(2011)1-5.
[2]. M. Salem, A. Marzuki, E. Leitgeb, F. Nadeem, M. S. Khan, C. Capsoni, Weather effects impact on the optical pulse propagation in free space, IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference, Barcelona, Spain. 2009, pp. 1-5.
[3]. E. J. McCartney, optics of the atmosphere: scattering by molecules and particles, J. Willey& Sons. The University of Califorinia, 1977. [4]. F. D. Kashani, M. R. Hedayati Rad, et.al, Reliability analysis of an auto-tracked FSO link under adverse weather condition, Optik-International journal for light and electron optics, vol. 124, iss. 22, (2013) 5462-5467. [5]. A. Shlomi, Performance of a laser microsatellite network with an optical preamplifier, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 22, no. 4, (2005)708-715.
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[7]. I. I. Kim, B. McArthur, and E. Korevaar, "Comparison of laser beam propagation at 785 nm and 1550 nm in fog and haze for optical wireless communications," in Proc. SPIE 4214, Boston, MA, USA, 2001.

ABSTRACT: Ferroelectric Lithium and Titanium modified Lead PotassiumNiobate ceramics were prepared by usingsolid-state reaction method. A single phase formation of the compounds with orthorhombic crystal system was confirmed by X- ray diffraction. The lattice parameters and dielectric behavior were investigated in a range of frequencies (500Hz-20 KHz) and temperatures (4250C-5050C). Substitution of Lithium and Titanium ions does not change the crystal structure, but decreased the lattice parameters and eventually the cell volume. The cell volumes in the Li substitutional composition have been found to be less when compared with the unsubstituted PKN. The phase transition temperatures (𝑇𝐶 ) have been observed from real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant versus temperatures at 1 KHz in each of the composition. High 𝜀′and 𝜀′′ in low frequency region related to space charge polarization.

Key words: Ferroelectric, Lattice parameters, Dielectric properties, Phase transition, PKN ceramics, X-ray Diffraction.

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ABSTRACT: Developing an accurate Monte Carlo dose calculation engine is of clinical importance.Since it is not convenient to perform such dose calculation after every clinical treatment, MC dose calculation engine is helpful in facilitating radiotherapeutic treatment plan. It is well understandable that to every radiotherapeutic treatment, there will be an absorbed dose.This research work focused on the calculation of dose deposited at each depth with respect to specified energy using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo simulation, which has been considered to be fast and accurate. Incident pencil beam of 1.0 MeV, 2.0 MeV, 6.0 MeV, 8.0 MeV, 10.0 MeV, 12.0 MeV, 14.0 MeV, 16.0 MeV, 18.0 MeV, 20.0 MeV were considered. The phase-space scores were recorded within the first 20.0 cm of the semi-finite water Phantom. Likewise the phantom materials (Tantalum, Silicon, and Sodium Iodide) phantom was changed and the same procedure was taken.

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ABSTRACT: In the present study, The natural radioactivity in soil, phosphate, and building materials (sand, granite, marble, and limestone) were determined by using gamma ray spectrometer NaI (Tl) and MCA 1024. AlphaGUARD was used for radon exhalation rate. The data analyses were performed to determine 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentrations as well as 222Rn exhalation rate. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose were varied from 71.66 to 9048.94 Bqkg-1, 0.19 to 24.45, 34.48 to 4172.34 nGyh-1 and 0.04 to 5.12 mSvy-1 respectively in all samples. The mass and area exhalation rates were increased from 1.31±0.09 Bqkg-1h-1 and 23.09±0.33 Bqm-2h-1, at 30 0C, to 7.98±0.56 Bqkg-1h-1 and 141.11±1.52 Bqm-2h-1, at 60 0C, respectively, for phosphate samples (grain size<80m).
Keywords: Gamma-spectrometer, Alpha GUARD, Natural radioactivity, Hazard index, Radon, and Exhalation.

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ABSTRACT: Red Shift and intensities of illumination are the only observable parameters in case of long distant celestial objects like galaxies, quasars etc., which are visible in their ancient past. The Red Shifts, observed in these cases have been so far interpreted on the basis of Doppler Effect and gravity. It is postulated here that the celestial bodies were in a different stage of evolution, in remote past, when they have emitted the signals that are received now by terrestrial observers. The properties of space governing speed of light, such as permeability and permittivity were assumed to be different in that stage of evolution; which yields Red Shifts.
Keywords: Speed of light, permeability, permittivity, stage of evolution

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ABSTRACT: "Theory of Time" is a research and analysis report on integrated transformation system to find out reason for changes. I had found some systematic relational imbalance among the principles of AC Transformer, Ohm's law, series parallel circuits and law of conservation of energy. I did systematic analysis and research on above said combination principles and System's Relative components are determined and organized systematically for better understanding and reformed results are compared with our practical science; found that the derived principles are meeting with the natural principles of system.

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_law#cite_note-1
[2]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits
[3]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy#cite_note-2
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[6]. John Bird, Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, Revised second edition, Chapter 1.5
[7]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28physics%29

ABSTRACT: Althoughthere have been many articles about this problem, still many people want to know about the conclusion of it. That is because the previous articles were made with the too much complicated ways and there was no clear formulas for explaining well. In fact, this problem does not need a high level of mathematical knowledge. In this paper, it is used a simple method considering the various bodies types, the speed & angle of body and rain even the acceleration. And it is also considered in the cases; the body moves in a time as well as in the same distance. At least in theory, I expect this paper will show the final conclusion.

Keywords -Run or walk in the rain, orthogonal projected area of ellipsoid, cylinder and rectangular

[1]. Bocci, F. (2012).Whether or not to run in the rain.European Journal of Physics, 33(5), 1321-1332
[2]. Bailey, H. (2002).On running in the rain.College Mathematics Journal, 33(2), 88-92.
[3]. Hailman, D., & Torrents, B. (2009).Keeping dry: The mathematics of running in the rain.Mathematics Magazine, 82(4), 266-277
[4]. S. Seo (2012). The best strategy in rain.International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences, Vol. 2, No.4, 64-71.

ABSTRACT: Natural drinks are most essential for daily diet for everyone . The Cocos nucifera(coconut)water loaded with all kinds of health benefits for the body. The temperature is increasing day by day.Coconut water keep our normal body temperature. It contains lot of supplements and nutrients that are needed to sustain life. In this research it is underwent laser exposure for various interval of time and then it was studied through interferometer.Ultrasonic velocity ,density and adiabatic compressibility have been determined
Keywords: Coco nucifera, LASER,Ultrasonic velocity ,density ,adiabatic compressibility.

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ABSTRACT: Lanthanum substituted Lead ZirconateTitanateFerroelectric materials were prepared using solid state reaction method.The basic composition chosen for the present study is PbZr0.65Ti0.35O3. The constituent raw materials (mostly oxides and carbonate) were weighed in proportions required to give the following selected compositions. (a) PbZr0.65Ti0.35O3 (b) Pb1-xLax (Zr0.65Ti0.35)1-x/4O3, where x varies from 0.06 to 0.08 insteps of 0.01.The values of experimental density (measured by Archimedes Principle), theoretical (XRD) density and relative density of isostatically sintered pellets are measured with respect to La as substituent.As La substitution increases the experimental density with the large continuous reduction in the theoretical density. Structural information of the samples was investigated using X-ray diffractometer. Microstructural information of the samples wereinvestigated usingScanning Electron Microscopy (Philips XL 30 ESEM). Temperature variation of dielectric constant (ε) and loss tangent (tanδ) was studied for all the samples at different frequencies.It is clear that, the increase in the dielectric constant with temperature reaching maximum, and then a decrease with further increase in the temperature for the Lanthanum substituted materials. The value of dielectric constant decreases with higher lanthanum content which can be attributed to the minimization of number of polar directions as the structure traverse from coexistence of mixed phases to a single phase.

Keywords: Ferroelectrics, microstructure, PZT Ceramics, XRD, dielectric constant, grain size,

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