IOSR-JAP   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2016

ABSTRACT: Despite being known for over 125 years, Lorentz Factor has been poorly understood and used liberally without understanding the applicable situation. Currently there is no explanation for the directional symmetry of the Lorentz Factor (V = -V). It is also considered that in low velocity approximation Relativistic approach yields Classical concepts. A new simple high school math based concept, named here as Theta Concept, clears all the confusion and explains the directional independence of Lorentz Factor in a physically, mathematically and logically meaningful way.

[1] G. F. FitzGerald, The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere, Science, 13, 1889, 390; S. G. Brush, Note on the History of the FitzGerald-Lorentz Contraction, Isis, 58 , 1967, 230–232 (Source: http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/987/1/Michelson.pdf).
[2] A. Einstein, Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper, Annalen der Physik, 17, 1905, 891–921 (Source: http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ from The Principle of Relativity, 1923, Methuen and Company, Ltd., London).
[3] Fizeau, Des effets du mouvement sur le ton des vibrations sonores et sur la longeur d'onde des rayons de lumière, Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 19, 1870, 211-221.
[4] Law of Cosines is known in the present form for over 200 years. In an earlier form, prior to the invention of cosines and modern Algebra, it was known for over 2 millennia from Euclid's Elements (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_cosines). It should also be noted that this is an inappropriate use, since Law of Cosines is intended for triangles and not for direction angles where the angle relation is different. Still, this convention yielded correct answers in all cases, but caution is needed in such uses.

ABSTRACT: V2O5 thin film electrodes were synthesized by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method on FTO substrate. Electrochemical performance of V2O5 thin film electrode before and after annealing was studied. The structure, morphology and surface wettability were characterized by XRD, SEM and contact angle measurement, respectively. The optical band gap of V2O5 thin film was increased from 2.06eV to 3eV after annealing. The electrochemical properties were examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge method. The specific capacitance of V2O5 thin film electrode was decreased from 353 F/g to 301 F/g in 0.5M K2SO4 electrolyte at scan rate of 10 mV/s. Specific energy and specific power decreased from 4.2 Wh/kg to 2.9 Wh/kg and 10.87 kW/kg to 8.38 kW/kg, respectively.
Key Words: V2O5 electrode; specific capacitance; specific energy; specific power; annealing.

[1] K. Xie, B.Wei, Materials and structures for stretchable energy storage and conversion devices, Adv.Mater. 26(2014)3592–3617.

[2] Khu LeVann, ThuThuy Luong Thi, Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 24(2014)191–198.

[3] M.R. Lukatskaya, O.Mashtalir, C.E.Ren, Y.Dall'Agnese, P.Rozier, P.L.Taberna, M. Naguib, P.Simon, M.W.Barsoum, Y.Gogotsi, J. Science 341 (2013)1502–1505.

[4] X. Yang, C.Cheng, Y.Wang, L.Qiu, D.Li, J. Science 341(2013) 534–537.

[5] D. Yu, K.Goh, H.Wang, L.Wei, W.Jiang, Q.Zhang, L.Dai, Y.Chen, J. Nat.Nanotechnol. 9(2014)555–562.

[6] H.X. Ji, X.Zhao, Z.H.Qiao, J.Jung, Y.W.Zhu, Y.L.Lu, L.L.Zhang, A.H.MacDonald, R.S. Ruoff,J. Nat. Commun. 2(2014)18125–18131.

ABSTRACT: A theoretical study of the lattice dynamics of NbCr alloy has been presented using modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential. The force constants obtained from the MEAM potentials are used to calculate the phonon dispersions for pure Nb and NbCr alloy. Further, the local vibrational density of states in pure Nb crystal and NbCr alloy using Green's function method has been calculated. Condition of resonance and localized modes has been investigated. The results of phonon dispersions show an overall decrease and local frequency spectrum shows a shift towards the higher frequency. The calculated results are consistent with results of vibrational properties of point defects in other transition metals.

Keywords: Modified embedded atom method; Green's function; phonon dispersion, force- constants; local density of states PACS Nos: 63.20.D- ; 61.72.J-; 61.72.S-; 61.72.Bb

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ABSTRACT: This article presents the preparation of Ti-doped barium ferrite powders BaFe(12−x)TixO19for (x = 0.35) nanomaterial using sol-gel route, followed by the thermal insulation process and heat-treatment, recently reported by Wangchang Li et.al.,[1]. The pH of the medium and annealing temperatures were the aspects of concentration of our study in this communication. Nanomaterial is synthesized for the value of(x = 0.35) at three different temperatures. The phase structure and morphology were analysed by standard XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques.

Keywords: Barium ferrite, sol-gel route, Titanium, Nano ferrites, morphology.

[1]. Wangchang Li , Xiaojing Qiao , Mingyu Li, Ting Liu , H.X. Peng,, "La and Co substituted M-type barium ferrites processed by
sol–gel combustion synthesis‟, Materials Research Bulletin ,48, pp 4449–4453, 2013.
[2]. Lee JH, Huh YM, Jun YW, Seo JW, Jang JT, Song HT, Kim S, Cho EJ, Yoon HG, Suh JS, Cheon J , "Artificially Engineered
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Ultra-sensitive Molecular Imaging‟. Nat. Med., 13, pp 95–99, 2007.
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[4]. Li, Y. B.; Yi, R.; Yan, A. G.; Deng, L. W.; Zhou, K. C.; Liu, X. H, "Facile synthesis and properties of ZnFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 /
polypyrrole core-shell nanoparticles‟, Solid State Sciences 11, pp1319–1324, 2009.
[5]. Okuzaki, H. & Hattori, T, Electrically induced anisotropic contraction of polypyrrole Films, Y. Lu, et.al.,(2003) Synth.
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Surfactants: A Comparative Conductivity Study, Polymer 44 (2003,) pp1353–1358.

ABSTRACT: Gum Arabic based solar cells with Rhodamine 6G were fabricated on indium tin oxide by a spin coater position. Microstructure and cell performance of the solar cells with ITO/ Rhodamine 6G/ Gum Arabic structures were investigated. Photovoltaic devices based on the Rhodamine 6G / Gum Arabic hetrojunction structures provided photovoltaic properties under illumination. Absorption and energy gap measurement of the Rhodamine 6G / Gum Arabic hetrojunction were studied by using UV-VS mini 1240 spectrophotometer and light current-voltage characteristics. The energy levels of the present solar cells were also discussed. The three ITO/Gum/Rhodamine/Au solar cells were produced and characterized, which provided efficiency (η) is (3.8 - 5.1 and 5.2) %. Fill factor (FF) is (0.964 - 0.9462 and 0.973), current density (Jsc) is (2.22 - 4.31 and 4.4) mAcm-2 and Open – circuit voltage (Voc) is (1.22 -1.25 and 1.209) V. This could be used at larger scale in promoting efficiency of solar cells.

Keywords: Gum Arabic, thin film, solar cell, photovoltaic property, optical property

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ABSTRACT: Specific heat capacities of various engine oil samples were measured. Electrical method was employed in the determination. The analysed engine oils present values in the specific heat capacity ranging from 2306.12J/Kg/K,-3062.59 J/Kg/K, Since the lower the specific heat capacity, the lower the retention capacity, that is the faster the cooling rate. Therefore samples P and T had lower specific heat while samples R having the highest value.

Key words: Specific heat capacity, bomb Calorimeter

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ABSTRACT: Stellite 6 was deposited by laser cladding on an AISI 316L stainless steel substrate (ASS) with energy inputs of 1 kW (ASS 1) and 1.8 kW (ASS 1.8). The chemical compositions and microstructures of these coatings were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The microhardness of the coatings was measured and the wear mechanism of the coatings was conducted using a pin-on-plate (reciprocating) wear testing machine. The results showed less cracking and pore development for Stellite 6 coatings applied to the austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L stainless steel) substrate with the lower heat input (ASS 1).

[1] C.J. Novak, Structure and Constitution of Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels, in: D. Peckner, I.M. Bernstein (Eds.), Handbook of Stainless Steels (New York: Mc Graw-Hill 1977) 1-78.
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ABSTRACT: Stellite 6 was deposited by laser cladding on an AISI 316L stainless steel substrate (ASS) with energy inputs of 1 kW (ASS 1) and 1.8 kW (ASS 1.8). The chemical compositions and microstructures of these coatings were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The microhardness of the coatings was measured and the wear mechanism of the coatings was conducted using a pin-on-plate (reciprocating) wear testing machine. The results showed less cracking and pore development for Stellite 6 coatings applied to the austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L stainless steel) substrate with the lower heat input (ASS 1). Further, the Stellite coating for ASS 1 was significantly harder than that obtained for ASS 1.8. The wear test results showed that the weight loss for ASS 1 was much lower than for ASS 1.8. The measurements of dilution and estimation of carbon content also showed that ASS 1 has lower dilution and higher concentration of carbon than that of ASS 1.8. It is concluded that the lower hardness of the coating for ASS 1.8, together with the softer underlying substrate structure, markedly reduced the wear resistance of the Stellite 6 coating and the lower hardness of the coating for ASS 1.8 was due to higher level of dilution and lower of carbon content.

Keywords – Dilution, Laser Cladding, Stellite 6 Coating, Wear, AISI 316 L stainless steel

[1] C.J. Novak, Structure and Constitution of Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels, in: D. Peckner, I.M. Bernstein (Eds.), Handbook of Stainless Steels (New York: Mc Graw-Hill 1977) 1-78.
[2] W.M. Steen (Ed.), Laser Material Processing (New York: Springer 1991) 1.
[3] A. Halstead and R.D. Rawlings, The Fracture behaviour of two Co-Mo-Cr-Si wear resistant alloys, Journal of Materials Science, 20, 1985, 1248-1256.
[4] P. Bata, Microstructural characterization of the new tool Ni-based alloy with high carbon and chromium content, Journal Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 55, 2010, 1053-1059.
[5] J. D. Majumdar, A. Kumar, L. Li, Direct laser cladding of SiC dispersed AISI 316L stainless steel, Journal Tribology International, 42, 2009, 750-753.
[6] W. M. Steen, The Industrial Laser Annual Handbook, in: D. Belforte, M. Levitt (Eds.), Laser in Surface Engineering (SPIE, Pennwell, Tulsa, OK 1986) 158-174.

ABSTRACT: The energy level corrections for pionic hydrogen atom induced by Uehling potential are calculated. The density distribution of proton is used in this calculation to show the size effect of the proton on these corrections. The derivative expansion (DE) theory is applied to derive the approximate forms of the potentials. The results with these approximate potentials agree with those of point charge in the order of magnitude. The 2s-state gives the best agreement with the point charge.
Key words: Uehling potential, vacuum polarization, proton point charge, finite size proton, pionic hydrogen atom, energy level corrections.

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ABSTRACT: Ab initio simulation of materials properties is carried out by performing a systematic comparison of the structural and elastic properties of Perovskite oxide BiGaO3, predicted by four well-known exchangecorrelation functionals and pseudo-potentials for total energy calculations. The performance of the functionals in reproducing the zero temperature lattice parameters, volumes and bulk moduli was then evaluated. The PW91 and PBE functionals predict similar result, whereas WC and REVPBE respectively yield smaller and larger values of lattice parameter and volume. Very minimal variations in bulk modulus are noted when the
ultra-soft and projector augmented wave pseudo-potentials are employed.

Keywords: BiGaO3, bulk modulus, DFT

[1]. Driver, K. P., R. E. Cohen, Zhigang Wu, B. Militzer, P. López Ríos, M. D. Towler, R. J. Needs, and J. W. Wilkins. "Quantum
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ABSTRACT: Nanostructure pure TiO2 and TiO2:ZnO thin films were synthesized via the pulse laser deposition (PLD) method. The effects of the ZnO concentration (2%,5%,7%) and annealing temperature (500°C) on structural, morphological and optical properties have been studied. XRD results showed that the pure TiO2 films had amorphous structure at room temperature (RT) and after annealing at 500°C transformed to polycrystalline structure anatase and rutile phase. It can be see from AFM that the average grain size and roughness increases with increasing the dopant concentration of ZnO and annealing temperature. Optical properties investigation such as transmittance it found be decreases as ZnO concentrationis increased.

Keywords: TiO2:ZnO thin films, X-ray diffraction, transmittance

[1]. Ioana Luciu, "RF plasma synthesis and characterization of thin films for transparent conductors" ph.D Thesis, Italy, 2012.
[2]. Adawiya J.Haider,Nahida B. Hasan, Mohammed A.Al-Amari"Effect substrate temperature on the structural, morphology and optical properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films prepared by PLD" Journal of College of Basic Education, p.145, 2012.
[3]. Samir A. Maki. Alli A. Shehaband. Enase Y. Abed "A Study of Structure and Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Using Thermal Evaporation Technique under Different Flow Rate of Oxygen O2" Ibn Al-Haitham Journal, Vol. 26, p.137, 2013.
[4]. Ru-Hua Tao, Jin-Ming Wu, Jing-Zhong Xiao, Yi-Ping Zhao, Wei-Wei Dong, Xiao-Dong Fang, "Conformal growth of ZnO on TiO2 nanowire array for enhanced photocatalytic activity" Applied Surface Science Journal, Vol. 279, p.324, 2013.
[5]. Lei Zhao, Maosheng Xia, Yuhua Liu, Biju Zheng, Qing Jiang and Jianshe Lian, "Structure and Photocatalysis of TiO2/ZnO Double-Layer Film Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition" Materials Transactions Journal, Vol.53, p.463, 2012.
[6]. Ahmad Monshi, Mohammad Reza Foroughi, Mohammad Reza Monshi "Modified Scherrer Equation to Estimate More Accurately Nano-Crystallite Size Using XRD" World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, p.154, 2012.

ABSTRACT: The spatial structure of octarphin molecule appropriate to the fragment 12-19 of β- endorphin has been investigated using the method of theoretical conformational analysis. It is shown that the spatial structure of octarphin molecule can be presented by fifteen low-energy forms of the main chain. Low–energy conformations of the molecule, values of dihedral angles of main and side chains of amino acid residues are found out, the energy of intra- and interresidual interactions are evaluated.
Keywords: β- endorphin, octarphin, theoretical conformational analysis, spatial structure, conformation

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