IOSR-JAP   Volume-9 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2017

ABSTRACT: In this article, we present a new technique to measure the static dielectric constant which was developed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) system. This technique is polarizability that is produced due to a low-frequency electric field. In addition, it is due to both permanent dipoles in the material and induced dipoles. Our goal was to show some physical, measurable quantity by Atomic Force Microscopy that can be related to the dielectric constant and our method was tested on a material whose dielectric constant is known such as strontium titanate and mica. The advantage of this method is that it does not require using the complex simulations that depend on the geometry of probe tip which is complicated and difficult to characterize.

[1]. Crider, P.S. Majewski, M.R. Zhang, J. Oukris, H. and N. E. Israeloff, N.E.(2007), Local Dielectric Spectroscopy of Polymer Films,
Appl. Phys. Lett.3013102.
[2]. Crider, P.S. Majewski, M.R. Zhang, J. Oukris, H. and Isrealoff, N.E.(2008) Local Dielectric Spectroscopy of Near-Surface Glassy
Polymer Dynamics, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 044908−044908-5.
[3]. Riedel,C. Arinero, R. Tordjeman, P.H. Ramonda, M .G. Lévêque, G. Schwartz, A. Oteyza, D. G. Alegria, A.A. and Colmenero,
J.(2009), Determination of the Nano scale Dielectric Constant by Means of a Double Pass Method Using Electrostatic Force
Microscopy, J. Appl. Phys, 106 , 024315.
[4]. Reynier Revilla,I. Li.Xiao-Jun, yang-Lian Yang, and Chen wang.(2013), Comparative Method to Quantify Dielectric Constant at
Nanoscale Using Atomic Force Microscopy, J. Physical Chem.118 , 1-22.
[5]. Fumagalli, L. Ferrari, G. Sampietro, M. and Gomila, G.(2007), Dielectric-Constant Measurement of Thin Insulating Films at Low
Frequency by Nanoscale Capacitance Microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett, 91, 243110

ABSTRACT: A novel zinc (metal) doped L-Lysine monohydrochloride (LMHCl) semiorganic crystal was grown by slow evaporation technique under isothermal condition. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis and the major peaks were indexed. FT-IR vibrational spectral study was used to identify the functional groups present in the grown crystal. The presence of zinc in the grown crystal was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) elemental analysis. The density measurements were carried out by both theoretical and experimental methods........

Keywords: Crystal growth, FT-IR, Nonlinear Optical Material, Semiorganic, X-ray diffraction,

[1]. P.N.Prasad, D.J.Williams, Interscience Wiley and sons, Newyork, 1991.
[2]. D.Jaikumar, S.Kalainathan, G.Bhagavannarayana, Physica B: Condensed Matter, 405 (2010) 2394.
[3]. K.C.Bright, T.H.Freeda, PhysicaB: Condensed Matter, 405 (2010) 3857.
[4]. M.N.Bhat, S.M.Dharmaprakash, J.Cryst. Growth, 236 (2002) 379.
[5]. D.Eimerl, S.Velsko, L.Davis, F.Wang,G.Loicono, G.Kennedy, IEEE, J.Quantum Electron, 25 (1989) 179.

ABSTRACT: Gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) are intended to help ion transportation in an enormously thick medium and consume incident light more efficiently in dye-sensitized solar cells. GPEs were synthesized by the addition of acetamide in poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME) with LiI/I2. PEO/PEGDME with 20 wt% acetamide provide highest efficiency (η = 4.89%) under 100 mW cm-2 illumination and exhibits highest ionic conductivity (σ = 1.47×10-3 S/cm) among the all electrolytes, compared to GPE without acetamide (η = 3.04%). The gain in open circuit voltage (Voc) was observed for GPEs due to the decrease in the recombination effect and electron lifetime increases by the addition of acetamide on the PEO. The short circuit current density (Jsc) is increased due to the growth in the ionic conductivity and amorphous nature of the GPE increases by addition of acetamide on the PEO.

Keywords: Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), Gel polymer electrolytes (GPE), poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS).

[1]. B. O'Regan, M. Grätzel, A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye sensitized colloidal TiO2 films, Nature. 353 (1991) 737-740.
[2]. Simon Mathew, Aswani Yella, Peng Gao, Robin Humphry-Baker, Basile F. E. Curchod,Negar Ashari-Astani, Ivano Tavernelli, Ursula Rothlisberger, Md. Khaja Nazeeruddin, Michael Grätzel, Nature Chemistry. 6 (2014) 242–247.
[3]. M. Marszalek, F.D. Arendse, J.D. Decoppet, S.S. Babkair, A.A. Ansari, S.S. Habib, M. Wang, S.M.Zakeeruddin, M. Grätzel, Ionic Liquid Sulfolane Composite electrolytes for high-performance and stable dye-sensitized solar cells, Adv.Energy Mater. 4 (2014) 1301235 1-8.
[4]. Z. Yu, N. Vlachopoulos, A. Hagfeldt, L. Kloo, Incompletely solvated ionic liquid mixtures as electrolyte solvents for highly stable dye-sensitized solar cells, RSC Adv. 3 (2013) 1896-1901.
[5]. M. Hu, J. Sun, Y. Rong, Y. Yang, L. Liu, X. Li, M. Forsyth, D.R. MacFarlane, H. Han, Enhancement of monobasal solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with polymer electrolyte assembling imidazolium iodide-functionalized silica nanoparticles, J. Power Sources. 248 (2014) 283-288.

ABSTRACT: Nanocrystalline Eu3+, Ho3+ co-doped Y2O3 powders with a maximum size of 9.8 nm were prepared by the sol-combustion process, using Y (NO3).6HO2 as an oxidizer, europium and holonium nitrates as activators, thiourea as a fuel and ethanol as a solvent. The crystal structure and optical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Ultra-violet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Photoluminescence (PL). As Holonium concentration (x) varies from x = 0.1 to 0.5, the Y2O3:Eu3+:Ho3+ nanopowder exhibits a body – centred cubic structure of Y2O3 without any significant formation of a separated EuO2, or Ho2O3 phase. UV-Vis reveals that the optical band gap of Y2O3:Eu3+:Ho3+x alloys show red shift with increase............

Keywords: Y2O3:Eu3+: Ho3+x, band gap, sol-combustion, narrow emission, Fermi level

[1]. X. Zhang, C. Serrano, E. Daran, F. Lahoz, G. Lacoste, A. Munoz-Yagüe, Phys. 2000, Rev. B 62: 4446.
[2]. L.F. Johnson, H.J. Guggenheim, Appl. Phys.1971, Lett. 19: 44.
[3]. S. Ray, P. Pramanik, A. Singha, A. Roy, J. Appl. Phys.2005, 97: 094312-1.
[4]. M.-F. Joubert, Opt. Mater. 1999, 11: 181.
[5]. X.X. Luo, W.H. Cao, Mater. Lett. 2007, 61: 3696.
[6]. R. Schmechel, M. Kennedy, H. Von Seggern, H. Winkler, M. Kolbe, R.A. Fischer, L. Xaomao, A. Benker, M. Winterer, H. Hahn, J. Appl. Phys.2001, 89: 1679.

ABSTRACT: The nuclear medicine department is a radiation working environment in which patients are diagnosed or treated using radioactive non-sealed sources for tests needed to alleviate their illnesses. For that reason, radiation workers like radiopharmacists, technologists and nuclear medicine physicians should perform extreme measures of protection to every step of each procedure to ensure the safety of the patients and themselves(1). According to the ALARA principle, all exposures should be minimized and all unnecessary exposures must be prevented. Minimizing the exposure time and the use of shielding as well as being at an appropriate distance from the radioactive source are the most practical ways of reducing exposures in the NM department. This is especially true in the therapeutic procedures, where relatively large amounts of radioactivity are handled(2)...............

1) Thomson WH, Harding LK. Radiation protection issues associated with nuclear medicine out-patients. Nucl Med Commun1995;16:879-892.
2) Culver CM, Dworkin HJ. Comparison of personnel radiation dosimetry from myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: technetium- 99m-sestamibi versus thallium-201. J Nucl Med 1993;34: 1210-1213.
3) Schurnbrand P, Schicha H, Thal H, Emrich D. External radiation exposure of personnel working with 99m Technetium. Eur J Nucl Med 1982;7:237-239.
4) Harding LK, Harding NJ, Warren H, Mills A, Thomson WH. The radiation dose to accompanying nurses, relatives and other patients in a nuclear medicine department waiting room. Nucl Med Commun1990;11:7-22.
5) Lamarsh, J.R. and Baratta, A.J., ―Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3rd Edition,‖ Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001.

ABSTRACT: 2D geoelectrical method combined with vertical electrical sounding was employed in the study. Physico- chemical analysis of sample of borehole water at dumpsites and neutral site were also conducted. The longitudinal conductance of the layers was calculated and prospective capacity of underline bedrock in each site determined. The result of the VES survey interpreted with WIN RESIST version 1.The 2D Data was process with RES2DINV software, Both Vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2D tomography shows two distinct zone of low resistivity of 0.42 Ωm to 12.3 Ωm indicating leachate infected area and zone of high resistivity value of 1032.0Ωm, and 5572.3Ωm, indicating landfill gases...........

Keywords: Aquifer, Dumpsite, Leachate, Resistivity, Tomography.

[1]. Ofodile M. E, An approach to groundwater study and development in Nigeria (Mecon Services Ltd, Ranchi.1991 pp.138-148).
[2]. Etu-Efeofor, J.O. and Odigi M. I, Water supply problems in the eastern Niger Delta. Journal of mining

[3]. geology.20 (1, 2) 1983, 183-193.
[4]. Sara Michelle Monaha. Investigating fault structure using Electrical Resistivity Tomography. Bsc project, California Polytechnic
[5]. State University, San Luis Obispo, 2013.
[6]. Golam, S. S, Keramat M, Shahid M. Deciphering transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer by vertical electrical

ABSTRACT: The effect of starch on sawdust briquettes for domestic energy applications in Sokoto state was investigated. Composite sawdust briquettes were produced using four treatments by mixing sawdust with starch in ratios 80:20 (A), 70:30 (B), 60:40 (C) and 50:50 (D). Densification of the mixture was carried out using a manually operated briquetting machine, while the starch gel was used as a binding agent. The performance of briquettes produced from each treatment was examined under controlled cooking test (CCT) together with the energy content using oxygen bomb calorimeter. The results showed that density of the briquettes produced was 0.21 Kg/cm3 (A), 0.24Kg/cm3 (B), 0.25Kg/cm3 (C), 0.29Kg/m3 (D). Treatment B had the highest energy value of 7.347cal/g and the least was treatment D with only 4.572cal/g...........

Keywords: Briquette, calorimeter, densification, calorie.

[1]. Adegoke ,CO.andKuti,O A.(2004)Investigation of Composite Sawdust Briquette As A Source of Fuel for Domestic Cooking.FUTAJEET,2004 Vol4. No 2144-150
[2]. Anonymous (2007).Brief History and Geography of Sokoto state.Retrieved 2007-04-07.
[3]. Baba, K. M. and A. H. Alhassan (2000). Impact of Animal Traction on Agricultural Production and Farm Income in Sokoto State, Nigeria Journal of Agriculture and Environment vol. 1 NO. 1 June, 2000.
[4]. Danshehu, B. G., A. S. Sambo and M. Musa (1992). Comparative Performance of Sawdust and Wood Burning stove, Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy, vol. 3. No. 1 and 2, page 50.
[5]. FAO, (1986). Tropical Forestry Action Plan Fuel-wood Energy.Unasylva 38,pp37-63.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the design, construction and performance evaluation of v-trough solar concentrator system for steam generation. The developed v-trough solar concentrator is a solar thermal collector wherein the intensity of the sun light is boosted by the v-trough solar reflector coupled to the thermal absorber tube. The planar v-trough reflectors increased the solar concentration ratio by raising the intensity of solar radiation level received by any 1m2 of the absorber which in turn raised the thermal efficiency of the absorber tube and water outlet temperature. To minimize the heat losses due to convection and radiation the absorber tube was enclosed in a transparent.........

Keywords: Design, construction, v- trough, solar concentrator and reflectors

[1]. Chong, K.K., Chay, K.G., and Chin, K.H. (2012) Study of a Solar Water Heater Using Stationary V-trough Collector. Renewable Energy.39(1), 207-215.
[2]. Sergeant, N.P. and Peumans, P. (2009) High-performance Absorbers for Solar Thermal Applications [online].[Accessed on 25/5/2012 at 2:00 pm]. Available from <http://spie.org/x37901.xml>
[3]. Kocher, G., Singh, H. and Singh, S.P. (2011) Development of a Novel Portable PV-Fluid Hybrid Energy System, National Conference on Advancements and Futuristic Trends in Mechanical and Materials Engineering.
[4]. Kalogirou, S.A. (1998) Use of parabolic trough solar energy collectors for sea-water desalination. Applied Energy.60, 65-88
[5]. Mathur, S.S. andKandpal, T.C. (1983) Reviews of Renewable Energy Resources: Solar Concentrators, The United Nations University Fellowship Programme, Centre of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-India.

ABSTRACT: It is known that property of Thermal expansion is directly related to the anharmonicity of atomic vibrations. If the vibrations are harmonic, the crystal would not expand at all. Any theory of thermal expansion of solids must take into account of anharmonic nature of the lattice. Gruneisen considered the vibrations as harmonic but brings anharmonicity into the picture by making the frequencies of vibrations are volume dependent. The data on Gruneisen parameter is too large and too scattered in the literature. We made an account to review some of the important aspects Gunnison constant.

[1]. Anderson O L (1965)
[2]. Physical Acoustic vol IIIB, (Academic press)
[3]. Blackman M (1955)
[4]. Phys.Rev.137,1826
[5]. Burger K(1965)
[6]. Phys. Rev. 137, 1826
[7]. Claytor R c and Marshall B J (1960)
[8]. Phys. Rev. 120,3327

ABSTRACT: Cooray and Ming [1] have studied that the path of propagation affects the shape and amplitude of the electric fields generated by lightning return strokes. However, in this study no attempt is made to examine the attenuation of electromagnetic waves generated by lightning return strokes as they propagate from the source to the measuring station through reflections from - (i) Ionosphere, (ii) Sea-water, and (iii) small strip of land. It would therefore be of more important to investigate the propagation effects caused due to the presence of mixed sea-land and ionosphere. In this paper it is shown that the path of propagation, between mixed sea – land and ionosphere, influences the attenuation factor and it depends up on the inclination of the lightning return stroke.

Keywords: Attenuation factor, Complex reflection coefficient, Electromagnetic wave, Ionosphere, Lightning return stroke.

[1]. V. Cooray and Ye Ming, J.Geophys.Res. 1994, 95, 10641.
[2]. V. A. Rakov and M. A. Uman, Lightning: Physics and effects, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[3]. Cooray, J.Geophys. Res., 1986, 19, 7907.
[4]. F.Delfino, R.Procopio, and M. Rossi, J. Geophys. Res., 2008, 113, D05110, doi:1029/2007JD008553.
[5]. Xuan-Min Shao, and Abram R., IEEE electromagnet. Compt., 2009, 51(3), 519.
[6]. D. M. LeVine, J. C. Willet, and J.C. Bailey, J. Geophys. Res., 1989, 94, 13259.

ABSTRACT: For a continued progress in the pursuit of neutrino oscillation parameters, we require to have a precise knowledge of the pion production processes which act as a source of backgrounds and systematic uncertainties in neutrino oscillation experiments because pions can mimic a final state electron (positron). Therefore a pion production principal interaction may appear to be quasi-elastic if the pion is absorbed in the final state interactions. Charged-current single pion production processes induced by  and   interactions with hydrocarbon target (CH2) has been studied using NuWro event generator and the cross-sections so obtained have been compared with the results of MinerA experiment. cross-section, pion production, neutrino-nucleus interactions, neutrino oscillations 25.30.Pt, 13.15.+g, 14.60.Lm , 12.15.Mm.

[1]. T. Golan, C. Juszczak, J. T. Sobczyk; Phys. Rev. C 86, 015505 (2012).
[2]. J.Dobson, C.Andreopoulos; Acta Phys.Pol. B 40, 2613 (2009).
[3]. M. Nakahata et al; J.Phys. Soc. Jps. 55, 3786 (1986).
[4]. A.Ferrari, P.R. Sala, A. Fasso, J. Ranft, CERN-2005-010, INFN/TC-05/11 (2005)
[5]. D.Casper, The Nuance neutrino physics simulation and the future http://nuint.ps.uci.edu/nuance/files/nuance-nuint01.pdf.

ABSTRACT: Conductive polymer (CP) research has exploded in popularity over the years, with applications ranging from nanoelectronics to material science. Conducting polymers have sparked a lot of interest in academic and industrial sectors because they combine the electrical characteristics of semiconductors and metals with the typical benefits of ordinary polymers, such as ease of preparation and low cost production. In this regard, design and synthesis of polyacetylene (PA), an important class of Conjugated π Conductive Polymers, has been well described in this article. Moreover, some important applications of polyacetylene have also been incorporated.

Keywords: Conductive polymers (CPs), polyacetylene (PA), electronic and ionic conductivity.

[1]. Hodgson, A. J.; Gilmore, K.; Small, C.; Wallace, G. G.; Mackenzie, I. L.; Aoki, T.; Ogata, N. Reactive Supramolecular Assemblies of Mucopolysaccharide, Polypyrrole and Protein as Controllable Biocomposites for a New Generation Of "intelligent biomaterials. Supramol. Sci. 1994, 1, 77-83.
[2]. Nezakati, T.; Seifalian, A.; Tan. A.; Seifalian, A. M. Conductive Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedical Applications, Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 14, 6766–6843
[3]. Park, A. R.; Kim, J. S.; Kim, K. S.; Zhang, K.; Park, J.; Park, J. H.; Lee, J. K.; Yoo, P. J. Si-Mn/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite anodes with enhanced capacity and stability for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 1702-8.
[4]. Green, R. A.; Baek, S.; Poole-Warren, L. A.; Martens, P. J. Conducting Polymer-Hydrogels for Medical Electrode Applications. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2010, 11, 014107.
[5]. Lam, J. W. Y.; Tang, B. Z. Functional Polyacetylenes. Acc. Chem. Res. 2005, 38, 745-754