IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-1 ~ JAN-2014

ABSTRACT: The main purpose of the study was to determine the contribution of socio-economic development of the beneficiaries through PDBF activities. The study was conducted in Bhaluka upazila under Mymensingh district, Serpur upazlia under Bogra district and Bhairab upazila under Kishoreganj district. A total number of 338 beneficiaries were finally selected which constituted the sample of the study by using stratified random sampling technique. Fourteen selected characteristics of the beneficiaries were considered as the independent variables and socio-economic development of the beneficiaries through PDBF activities was the dependent variable of the study. Face to face interview schedule was used to collect relevant data from the respondents. Socio-economic development of the respondent was measured by the addition of the extent of changes occurred in 11 selected dimensions of PDBF activities. Data indicated that change in socio-economic development ranges of the respondents varied from 7 to 23 and the average change was 16.37.

Key words: Contribution, PDBF, Socio-economic development.

[1]. Ahlin, C. and Jiang, N. (2008). Can microcredit bring development? Journal of Development Economics 86: 1-21.

[2]. Barboza, G. and Trejos, S. (2009). Micro Credit in Chiaps, Mexico: Poverty Reduction Trough Group Lending. Journal of Business Ethics, 88: 283-299.

[3]. Chowdhury, M. J. A., Ghosh, D. and Wright, R.E. (2005). Impact of micro-credit on poverty: evidence from Bangladesh; Progress in Development Studies, 5(4): 298-309.

[4]. Haque, M. A. and Harbin, J. L. (2009). Micro Credit: A different approach to traditional banking: Empowering the poor. Academy of Banking Studies Journal, 8(1): 1-13.

[5]. Hasan, M. M., Has0san, M. K and Uddin, M. R. (2009). Local Government Investment Outreach and Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions: A Case Study of BURO, Bangladesh. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 34(3): 318-346 [6]. Hashemi, S. M., Schuler, S. R and Riley, A. P. (1996). Rural Credit Programs and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(4): 635-653.

[7]. Hossain, F. and Knight, T. (2008). Can microcredit improve the livelihoods of the poor and disadvantaged? Empirical observations from Bangladesh, IDPR 30(2): 155-175.

[8]. IFAD, (2012). Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty in Bangladesh. Retrieved from :<http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/PI/factsheets/bd.pdf>.

[9]. Kabeer, N. (2001). Conflict over Credit: Re-Evaluating the Empowerment Potential of Loans to Women in Rural Bangladesh. World Development, 29(1): 63.

[10]. Kotir, J. H. and Obeng-Odoom, F. (2009). Microfinance and rural household development a Ghanaian perspective. Journal of Developing Societies, 25(1): 85-105.

ABSTRACT: The economic main importance's of olives are; oil and pickle olives. Olive cultivation can be successfully carried out in Iraq, Ashrasie, is one of the most common olive, which is mainly used for green pickles, as foliar application on the trees Gibberellic acid (GA3) (75, 100 and 125) mg.l-1, Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (50, 100) mg.l-1 in addition of control was done after 15 days after fruit set for two season 2009-2010, 2010-2011, fruit harvested at mid- October. The effect of growth regulators (GA3, NAA) was not uniform in different treatments. However, GA3 (100, 125) mg.l-1 in combination with NAA (50,100) mg.l-1 gave maximum value of most physical characteristics and fruit set and yield and oil of olive trees cv. ashrasie.

Key words: Concentration, Foliar, GA3, NAA, Olive

[1] Abd El-Naby, S.K.M.; El-Sonbaty, M.R. Hegazi, E.S. Samira, M.M. and El- Sharony, T.F., 2012. Effect of Gibberellic acid spraying on alternate bearing of Olive trees. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 8(10): 5114-5123.
[2] Abdrabboh, G. A., 2031. Effect of Some Growth Regulators on Yield and Fruit Quality of Manzanillo Olive Trees. Nature and Science 2013; 11 (10): 143-151.
[3] Agha, J. T. and Daoud A. Daoud., 1991. Evergreen Fruit Production. Part I, Mousul Univ. Iraq, pp. 567-630(In Arabic).
[4] Al-Khafaji, M.A, S.A.Atra and A.A.Mohammad., (1990): Evergreen Fruits. Baghdad Univ. Ministry of higher education and scientific research Baghdad. Iraq.pp. 229-273(In Arabic).
[5] Al- Sabbagh, S.S.M., (1980): Olive growing. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq. 7p. (In Arabic).
[6] A.O.A.C., 1975: Official methods of Analysis. P.W. Howtry. AOAC, Washington D.C. U.S.A.
[7] Barut, E. and A. Eris, 1995. Research on the effect of girdling, thinning and plant growth regulators on yield, quality and alternate bearing in olive cv. Gemlik.
[8] Chaari-Rkhis, A. Maalej, M. Ouled Messaoud, S. and Drira, N.2006. In vitro vegetative growth and flowering of olive tree in
response to GA3 treatment. Afri. J. Biotech. 5:2097- 2102. Doga Turk rim ve Ormancilik Dergisi, 17(4): 953-970. Cited from Hort. Abst., 65: 4544.

ABSTRACT: Coccidiosis in chickens is one of the major problems of poultry industry that is caused by protozoan parasites of genus Eimeria . Present study was conducted to characterize the Eimeria species infecting poultry in different regions of Chittagong district of Bangladesh. Seven species of Eimeria including E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. brunetti, E. mitis, and E. praecox have been characterized using conventional PCR analysis through amplifying unique single copy sequences derived from sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. The present study is the first of its type to use molecular tools to identify Eimeria spp. infecting chicken in Bangladesh. The study indicates that the modern molecular technique involving PCR to detect the Eimeria species are more reliable and accurate than the traditional morphology-based technique.

Keywords: Eimeria , PCR, SCAR, Coccidiosis, Bangladesh

[1]. Shirley M, Smith A, Tomley F.(2005): The Biology of Avian Eimeria with an emphasis on their Control by Vaccination. Adv. Parasitol, 60, 285–330.
[2]. Williams RB. (2005): Intercurrentcoccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: Rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol, 34(3), 159-180.
[3]. McDougald LR, Reid WM. (1997): Coccidiosis. In: Diseases of Poultry. Ames Publishing, Iowa State University Press, IA, USA, 865–883.
[4]. Vladmir V, Damer P, Blake, Poplstein M. (2010). Quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of all seven Eimeria species that infect the chicken. Veterinary Parasitology, 174(3-4), 183–190.
[5]. Schnitzler BE, Thebo PL, Tomley FM, Uggla A, Shirley MW.(1999): PCR identification of chicken Eimeria : a simplified read-out. Avian Pathol, 28(1), 89–93.
[6]. Haug A, Thebo P, Mattsson JG. (2007): Asimplified protocol for molecular identification of Eimeria species in field samples. Vet. Parasitol, 146(1-2), 35–45.
[7]. Fernandez S, Pagotto AH, Furtado M, Katsuyama AM, MadeiraAMBN, Gruber A. (2003): A multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of the seven Eimeria species that infect domestic fowl. Parasitology, 127(4), 317–325.

ABSTRACT: This study assesses the problems associated with Fadama II crop farming in Adamawa state. Data were collected on a sample of 160 farmers and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings from the study showed that Inadequate and high cost of fertilizer was reported to be very severe and serious problem affecting the crop farmers of Fadama, and this accounted for about 56.25 percent of the respondents, while 13.75 percent of the respondents were severely affected. However, only 30 percent of the farmers considered the problem as not severe, it further revealed that, about 57 percent of the respondents reported that high cost of agrochemicals was not a severe problem, while 16.88 percent were severely affected by the problem. The respondents that were very severely affected by this problem constituted 26.25 percent. On the use of improved seeds, the study shows that,

[1]. Abdullahi, Y. A. and Philips, D.O. (1990). "The Role of Irrigation in Rural Development in Nigeria", Proceedings of the National Workshop on Fadama and Irrigation Development, Kano-Nigeria. October 23rd – 25th 1989.
[2]. Adamawa State Fadama Baseline Report (2004). Fadama II Baseline Report , Adamawa State.
[3]. Adamu, M. T., Biwe, E. R. and Suleh, Y. G. (2013).Socio_EconomicCharacterictis of Farmers under National Fadama Development Programme in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria.ProJournal of Agricultural Science Research VOL. 1(2) 7-21
[4]. Adamu, M. T., Biwe, E. R. and Suleh, Y. G. (2013).Impact of Community Driven Development Strategy of the National Fadama Development Programme in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria.ProJournal of Agricultural Science Research Vol. 1(3) 42-56
[5]. Adebayo, A.A. (1999). "Climate 1 (Sunshine, Temperature, Evaporation and Relative Humidity)", Adamawa State in Maps. Adebayo, A.A. and Tukur, A.L. (eds.), Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology, Yola.20-26.
[6]. Adesoji, S.A., Farinde, A.J. and Ajayi, O.A. (2006). Assessment of the Training Needs of Fadama Farmers for Future Agricultural Extension Work in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(15): 3089-3095.
[7]. Ahmed, G. (2006). "An Overview of Fadama II Project". Proceeding of Adamawa State Fadama Development Sensitization Workshop, May 9th 2006.

ABSTRACT: Aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing sector in the world. The inland fishery resources of India have a rich production potential. North Eastern Region of the country is located between 21.570N – 29.300N latitude and 89.460E – 97.300E longitude. The fishery resources of the region fall within all three types of climate i.e. tropical, sub-tropical and temperate and represent a strong biodiversity. Two principal rivers Brahmaputra, Barak and their numerous tributaries harbor varieties of fish species. The threat of diseases has now become a risk to the growth of the aquaculture sector which significantly affects both economic and socio economic development. A list of 197 species and 25 families of fish is given in the paper with the diseases reported in them.

Key words: Diseases, Inland fishery, North East region, Threat.

[1] M. Kottelat, and T. Whitten, Freshwater biodiversity in Asia with special reference to fish; in World Bank Techical Paper No. 343 (Washington, DC: The World Bank), 1996, 17–22.
[2] Y.S Yadav and R. Chandra, Some threatened carps and cat fishes of Brahmaputra river system; in Threatened fishes of India (eds) PV Dehadrai, P Das and SR Verma (Muzaffarnagar: Natcon Publication), 1994, pp 45–55
[3] U.C. Goswami, S.K. Basistha, D. Bora, K. Shyamkumar, B.Saikia and K.Changsan, Fish diversity of North East India, inclusive of the Himalayan and Indo Burma biodiversity hotspots zones: A checklist on their taxonomic status, economic importance, geographical distribution, present status and prevailing threats, International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 4(15), 2012, 592-613.
[4] H.H. Williams and A. Jones, Parasitic worms of fish (London: Taylor and Francis, 1994), 593.
[5] M.K. Das, Outbreak of the fish disease, epizootic ulcerative syndrome in India - an overview: In: R.J. Roberts, B. Campbell and I.H. MacRae, (eds.) ODA Regional Seminar on Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome, at the Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand, 1994, 21-35.
[6] S.S.Khanna and H.R.Singh, A Text Book of Fish Biology and Fisheries(Narendra Publishing House:Delhi, 2003).
[7] V.V. SugunanandB.K.Bhattacharjya, Ecology and fisheries of beels in Assam, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI) Bull.No.104, 2000, 64.

ABSTRACT: Seed ageing is influenced by two environmental factors, RH and temperature. The deterioration of the stored seed is a natural phenomenon and the seeds tend to lose viability even under ideal storage conditions. Accelerated ageing has been recognized as a good predictor of the storability of seed lots. Aged seeds show decreased vigour and produce weak seedlings that are unable to survive once reintroduced into a habitat. Vigour testing becomes more important in seeds stored under unknown or adverse storage conditions. In seed ageing damage to cellular membranes, decrease in mitochondrial dehydrogenases activities and DNA degradation increases.

Key words: Maize, accelerated ageing, vigour, dehydrogenases, DNA integrity

[1] Aiazzi, M. T., Arguell, J. A., Perezo, A., and Guzman, C. A., 1996. Deferioration in Artiplexcordobensis (GandogeretSuckert) seed: Natural and accelerated ageing. Seed Sci. Technol., 25:147-155.
[2] Bardel, J., Louwagie, M., Jaquinod, M., and Bourguignon, J., 2002. A survey of plant mitochondria proteome in relation with development. Proteomics, 2:880–898.
[3] Bewely, J. D., and Black, M., 1994. Seeds: Physiology of development and germination, pp.445–447, New York.
[4] Brockelhurst, P. A., and Fraser, R. S. S., 1980. Ribosomal RNA integrity and rate of seed germination.Planta, 148:417–421.
[5] Bushell. M., Stoneley, M., Sarnow, P., and Willis, A. E. 2004. Translation inhibition during the induction of apoptosis: RNA or protein degradation?.Biochem. Soc. T., 32:606–610.
[6] Doyle, J. J., and Doyle, J. L., 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12: 13-15.
[7] Faria, J. M. R., Buitink, J., Van Lammeren, A. A. M., and Hilhorst, H. W. M., 2005. Changes in DNA and microtubules during loss and re-establishment of desiccation tolerance in germinating Medicagotruncatula seeds. J. Exp. Bot., 56:2119–2130.
[8] Filho JM, November ADC, Champma HMCP (2001) Accelerated ageing and controlled deterioration seed vigour tests for soybean. SciAgric 58:421-426.

ABSTRACT: Life table study is very useful to analyse the mortality of insect population, to determine key factors responsible for the highest mortality within population. It is determined by two types viz., Age Specific (or Horizontal) and Stage Specific (or Vertical) Life Table. Moreover, various mathematical formulas also indicated for the appropriate evaluation of life fecundity tables, stable age distribution and life expectancy. Life expectancy of beneficial insects can be calculated and used for biological control program by predicting natural things in particular instar within which the maximum mortality of the pests is obtained and plan for managing pests in time.

Keywords: Life table, Insect pests, Life fecundity, Life expectancy

1] D. G. Harcourt, The development and use of life tables in the study of natural insect populations, Annual Review of Entomology,14,1969,175-196.
[2] R. F. Morris and C. A. Miller, The development of life tables for the spruce budworm. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 32, 1954, 283-301.
[3] W. Hasan and M. S. Ansari, Life Table of Spotted Bollworm, Earias vitella on Okra, Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 17, 2009, 86-89.
[4] O. Hemchandra and T. K. Singh, Life Table, Rate of Increase and Stable-age Distribution of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) on Cauliflower Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 11, 2003, 269-273.
[5] A. Arshad and P. Q. Rizvi, Age specific Survival and Fecundity Table of Coccinella septumpunctata L. on different Aphid species, Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 15 (2), 2007, 329-334.

ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between socio-economic status and psychological construct of heads of farm families in Delta State. Multi-stage and stratified simple random sampling procedures were used in composing the sample. The sample was made up of 510 heads of farm families drawn from Delta Ibo (174), Urhobo (147), Ijaw (87), Isoko (60), and Itsekiri (42). Questionnaire was used in data collection. Data were analyzed by the use of Sigma scoring method, mean, analysis of variance, multiple regression and factor analysis. The valid psychological constructs were adoption behaviour, leadership abilities, cosmopoliteness, education level, and attitude to innovation.

[1] Akinola, C. A. and Patel, A. U. (1987). ' Construction and standardization of a scale to measure socio-economic status of heads of rural house holds ( Gandu) in the Funtua Zone of Kaduna State', Journal of Rural Development, 10: 86-94.
[2] Akinsanmi, O. (2001). Senior secondary agricultural science. London: Longman Group Ltd.
[3] Alao, J. A. (1976), 'The diffusion of fish ponds in western state of Nigeria.' In: Crouch B. R.and S. Chamala (eds). Extension Education and Rural Development, Vol. 1: Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 209-223.
[4] Bernard, T., Dercon, S., and Taffese, A. S. (2011). Beyond fatalism; an empirical exploration of self-efficacy and aspirations failure in Ethiopia. International Food Policy Research Institute, (IFPRI), Discussion Paper 01101
[5] Devellis RF. Scale development: theory and applications. Vol. 26. Sage Publications; Newbury Park, CA: 1991. (Applied Social Research Methods Series
[6] Ekong, E. E. (2003). An introduction to rural sociology. Uyo: Dove Educational Publishers.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to observe the frequency and density of ectoparasites affecting Broiler chicken of Meerut region. In rural areas chicken form an integral part of village life & have an important social value in some countries, they are considered as an important source of income besides providing a cheap source of protein to rural people however disease are among the important constraint in the expansion of this industry. In most areas, control of disease is either lacking, very minimal or unheard of. During the study in all 82 chicks were examined, out of which 58 were infected and 24 were uninfected.

[1] Warren D.C, Eaton R and Smith H. 1948. Influence of infestation of body lice on egg production in the hen. Poult. Sci.,27:641-642.
[2] Edgar E.R and King D.F 1950. Effect of the body louse Eomenacanthusstramineus, on mature chickens.Poult.Sci.,29:214-219.
[3] Glees E.E. and Raun E.S 1959.Effect of chicken body louse infestation on egg production. J. Eco.Ent.,52:358-359.
[4] Stockdale H.J. and Raun E.S. 1960.Economic importance of the chicken body louse. J.Econ. Entomol.,53:421-432.
[5] Deryo A.1968.Investigation on economic disadvantage of Mallophaga VI. An influence of ecological and physiological factors on the intensity of Mallophaga infestation. Przegl.Zool.,19:181-187.
[6] Deryo A. 1974.Studies on economic harmfulness of Mallophaga I. The influence of lice infestation on egg laying and hatching in hens.Medycyna Vet., 30:406-410.

ABSTRACT: The broad objective of the study was to determine the effects of the Women-In- Agriculture programme on the welfare of the participants. Simple random sampling was used in selecting the respondents who were involved in the WIA programme in 2007. The sample was made up of 32 WIA participants consisting Barracks cell (9), Ekpan cell (6), Ukpolokposo (5), Ugbomro cell (7), and PTI cell (5). Data were collected by the use of structured interview schedule. Data were measured by a four-point rating scale and socio-economic status indicators. Data were analyzed by use of simple percentage, mean, Chi square and t-tests. The age distributions were 26-35 years (6.25%), 36-45 years (1 5.63%) and over 45 years (78.13%).

[1] Adisa, B. and Okunade, E. Q. 2005. Women in agriculture and rural development. In Adedoyin, S. E. (ed). Agricultural extension in Nigeria. Ilorin: Agricultural Extension Society of Nigeria pp. 69-77.
[2] Agu, V.0. 2000. The Nigeria women in agriculture programme: projects coordinating units perspective. A paper presented at the nigeria women in agriculture review workshop organized by the World Bank FACU and ADPs.
[3] Akello, G. and Sarr, F. 1999. The economic role of women in agricultural and rural development. the promotion of income generating activities. CTA Special Annual Report 1999.
[4] Claxton, A. 2000. Women and development. in: together. A Journal of World Vision Partnership, 66: 17-22
[5] Ekong, E.E. 2003. An introduction to rural sociology. Uyo: Dove Educational Publishers.
[6] Emefesi, B.O.. Hamidu B. M and Haruna U. 2004. Role of women farmers' cooperative societies in agricultural production: a case study of Bauchi local government area of Bauchi State. A Paper Presented at the Farm Management Association of Nigeria Conference at Abuja, held between October 19 & 24, 2004

ABSTRACT:Various layer traits were recorded on 1082 pullets at 29th generation of selection to evaluate the variability for egg production. Oviposition time of each egg was recorded at hourly and half an hour intervals under 16L: 8D cycle, up to 40 weeks of age and for 15 days period respectively, to study the distribution pattern of oviposition time. Early (06-11h) and late (11-17 h) pattern of oviposition, with 90 % of ovipositions occurring before 13 h of the day was observed. Mean oviposition time (MOT) and mean oviposition interval (MOI) of the flock were 10.99 h and 24.34 h at hourly intervals, whereas,

[1] Anonymous (2007) in: Improvement of poultry for egg, QRT report (2001-06), PDP, Hyderabad (A.P.), India
[2] BACKHOUSE, D., GOUS, R.M. (2005) The effect of feeding time on shell quality and oviposition time in broiler breeders. British Poultry Science, 46(2): 255-259.
[3] BAIS, R.K.S., KATARIA, M.C., JOHARI, D.C., SHARMA, D., HAZARY, R.C., NISCHAL (2007) Performance evaluation and heterosis for economic traits of White Leghorn under reciprocal recurrent selection. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 42(2): 131-136.
[4] Bednarczyk, M., Kieclzewski, K., Szwaczkowski, T. (2000) Genetic parameters of the traditional selection traits and some clutch traits in a commercial line of laying hens. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde, 64(3): 129-133.
[5] Black, A. G., Ringer, R. K. (1987) Changes in ring –naked pheasants (Phasianus colenicus) egg formation time, oviposition lag time and egg sequence length due to light-dark cycles. Poultry Science, 66: 231-236.

ABSTRACT: The study investigated the influence of maize – Stover compost and N-fertilizer rates on the growth, yield and utilization soybean over a period of two years. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCBD), consisting 3 levels of compost (0, 2, 4t/ha), 3 rates of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 kg/ha) which were applied to 3 varieties of soybean (TGX 1742 – 2F), (TG x1842- 1 E) and (TG x 1448- 2E) using three replications. Data analysis using ANOVA at 5% level of probability showed the application of maize Stover compost and N – fertilizer to have enhanced plant growth significantly( Plant height, number of leaves, node, and branches,). Dry matter yield and number of pods per plant were also significantly affected by the different levels of compost and N- fertilizer rates.

[1]. Adeyeye A.S (2009). Pod shattering attributes and response of soybean (Glyeine max(L) Merrill) to compost, Nitrogen fertilizer and rhizobium inoculation. Ph.D Thesis in the dept. of crop protection and environmental Biology, University of Ibadan. Nigeria.
[2]. Akanbi W.B (2002) Growth, nutrient uptake and yield of maize and okra as influence by compost and nitrogen fertilizer under different cropping systems. Ph.D thesis in the department of crop protection and Environmental Biology University of Ibadan. Nigeria.
[3]. Akanb W.B, and Togun. A.O. (2002). The influence of maize Stover compost and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Amaranth Scientia Horticulture (93): 1-8 (E/SEVIE R uk).
[4]. Babatola, L.A, and Olaniyi. J.O. (1997). Effect of NPK fertilizer levels and plant spacing on performance and shelf life of Okra. Nig. J. plant protection 13: 23-29.
[5]. Bitten bender, H.C, Hue, N.V, Kent F and Hilary, B, (1998). Sustainability of organic fertilization macadamia with macadamia husk- manure compost. Commun soil sci. plant Anal 29 (3&4): 409-419.

ABSTRACT: The effect of depolymerized form of sodium alginate, produced by irradiating it by 60Co gamma rays, studied on two varieties of Solanum tuberosum L. (Bern and Kara) with regard to growth attribute, physiological and biochemical parameters. The study revealed that the irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) applied as foliar sprays with concentration 0.3% had a stimulatory effect on specific morphological parameters and led to increase in plant yield significantly.

[1] A.O.A.C.(1975).Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of official Analytical Chemists, Arlington Virginia, Washington,
[2] A.O.A.C. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of of official Analytical Chemist (15th ed), AOAC, Washington, DC, USA.
[3] Anonymous,1999.VO2718/1999.Official journal of the European Union42L327/37(21.12.1999).
[4] Abd El-Rehim, H. A., El-Sawy, N. M., Farag, I. A., Elbarbary, A. A. Synergistic effect of combining ionizing radiation and oxidizing agents on controlling degradation of Na-alginate for enhancing growth performance and increasing productivity of Zea maize plants. Carbohydrate Polymers. 86 (2011) 1439-1444.
[5] Aftab, T., Khan, M. M. A., Idrees, M., Naeem, M., Moinuddin, Hashmi, N. and Varshney, L Enhancing the growth, photosynthetic capacity and artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. by irradiated sodium alginate. Rad. Phys and Chem. 80 (. 2011) 833-836.
[6] Al-Saikhan, M. S., Howard, L. R. and Miller, Jr. J. C. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in different genotypes of potato (Solanium tuberosum L.) J. food Sci. 60 (1995) 341-343.
[7] ASAE standards 1998. Loads exerted by Irish potatoes in shallow

ABSTRACT: Preliminary investigation into the nursery diseases of Vitellaria paradoxa in the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research substation, Bida, Niger state, revealed mainly the presence of leaf pustules and leaf blight disease. Symptoms of the leaf pustules disease results in a total defoliation of the leaves of the plant while that of the leaf blight is characterized by fire burnt edges around most of the leaves in a single seedlings or shrub.

[1] Abidemi TA, Adebayo OJ, Idowu O. and Agbotoba (2009) Nutrient content antiAbidemi TA, Adebayo OJ, Idowu O. and Agbotoba (2009) Nutrient content antiAbidemi TA.

ABSTRACT: Breeding programs involve farmers in variety selection. This is done through on-farm trial by formalizing farmer involvement in the variety testing process. In view of this fact, a systematic investigation into the on farm testing was carried out in seven states in Nigeria to address this problem. The objectives were to investigate the effect of the new varieties on the farmers, to introduce the varieties to end- users (farmers), to test performance of promising varieties under farmer growing conditions and researcher-farmer management, to test farmers' acceptance and ranked preference of the varieties for yield and quality attributes including Consumer/culinary acceptability assessment, and to obtain feedback (in terms of what farmers like in a variety) to breeders.

[1]. Agboola, S.A. 1979. An Agricultural Atlas of Nigeria. Oxford University Press, 248 pp.
[2]. Bovell-Benjamin C. A., 2007. Sweet Potato: A review of its past, present, and future role in human nutrition. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 52: 1-59.
[3]. Cristina, F., Juan, P.P., Edward, E.C., (1999). Farmer participation in the selection of new sweetpotato varieties. Sweetpotato germplasm management training manual. 3.0 evaluation and breeding. 1999. pp1-2.
[4]. Egesi C.N., B. Olasanmi, E.N.A. Mbanaso, E. Okogbenin, K.C. Ekwe, M. Fregene and K.I. Nwosu. 2011. Biofortification of cassava for enhanced food and nutrition security. In. Amadi C.O., Ekwe K.C., Chukwu G.O., Olojede A.O. and Egesi C.N. (eds.). Root and Tuber Crops Research for Food Security and Empowerment. National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike. Pp. 51-62.
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research work was to evaluate the Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae)powder. A total of 72 (Arbor-Acres) day old chicks were used in this study. Four levels of anAloe vera and Yeast powder at the rate of 0.00%, 0.50% (Yeast), 0.50% (Aloe vera), and 0.50% Yeast + 0.50% Aloe vera were incorporated into the basal diet for six weeks. Feeding period for all groups was lasted for 42 days. Results revealed a significant effect of Aloe vera and Yeast powder in feeds on weight of breast, thigh, and leg (P<0.05) were significantly on feed supplemented with0.50% Yeast + 0.50% Aloe vera powder. It was concluded from this study that 0.50% Yeast + 0.50% Aloe vera powder feed supplemented has a beneficial impact on the growth of these muscle tissues.

Key words: Broilers, Tulsi, Breast, Thigh, Leg

[1]. Al-Homidan, A and M. O. Fahmy 2007. The effect of dried yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) supplementation on growth performance, carcass chemical analysis, immunity, ileum villi heights and bacterial count of broiler chickens. Egypt Poul. Sci., 27 (111):613-623.
[2]. Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics. 11:1-42.
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ABSTRACT: The livestock has a unique place in Indian agriculture. It includes cattle, buffalo, sheep, poultry and fish. It contributes to about one fourth of our gross national product. It provides us with milk, draft power, hide, skins, bones, hooves, manures, fuel, meat, egg, wool, honey, wax, fish etc. With one-fourth of world bovine population, India produces only 8 per cent of world milk. Compared to developed countries our per capita consumption of egg and chicken is much less. Our pig population is one of the lowest in the world. Thus, our livestock are poor producers. The reasons are many. About half of the cultivated area is under arid and semi-arid region where agriculture depends mostly on livestock.

Keywords: Milk, protein , livestock , dairy, income, fuel, Agriculture, production etc

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