IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-11 ~ NOV-2014

ABSTRACT: Agriculture still forms the life line of our Indian economy and vital activity of a human being. Agriculture sector in India contributes nearly half of the national income, providing jobs to three fourth of the total population. In short agriculture plays a significant role in the economic development process of a country and agriculture continues to be the most predominant sector of the Tamilnadu economy. Agriculture productivity has been an important issue as the population continues to grow. But in the recent year's agriculture lands are converted to real estate business in major Indian cities, particularly Tamilnadu real estate business attained a boom to the core extent. In this context, the researcher has a keen interest to indentify the spatial pattern of agriculture productivity. The concept of agricultural productivity has been extensively used to explain the spatial organization and patterns of agriculture. Agriculture productivity has been measured by several scholars using different methods. This research paper attempts to identify spatial pattern of Cauvery Delta zone based on agriculture productivity index, the study area includes the districts of Thiruchirappalli, Ariyalur, Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Thiruvarur and a part of Pudukkottai. The data was collected from secondary source of Department of Economics and Statistics, Tamilnadu during the year 2011-2012. Among various productivity index methods, the researcher chosen Enyedi's Method and this method applied to compute crop productivity index because of its accuracy. The productivity index values were calculated and differentiated the productivity regions as High Productivity Region (HPR), Moderate Productivity Region (MPR) and Low Productivity Region (LPR).

Keywords: Agriculture Productivity, Productivity Region, Crop Productivity Index, Cauvery Delta Zone, Enyedi's method

[1]. Bhong A.B and Nimase A.G (2013), Levels of Agricultural Productivity in Solapur District (Maharashtra), Research Directions, Volume 1, issue 3. pp 1-6.
[2]. Sunil Ogale and virendra Nagarale (2014), Agricultural Productivity of Barmati Tashil, Pune District (Maharashtra), Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Volume 7; issue5 Ver II, pp 25-30.
[3]. Shafi M (1984), Agricultural productivity and Regional imbalances, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company.
[4]. Singh J., & Dhillon, S.S, (2000), Agricultural Geography (2nd edition) New Delhi, Tata McGraw Hill.
[5]. Bhatia S.S (1967) Spatial Variation, Changes and Trends in Agriculture Efficiency in Uttar Pradesh, 1953-1963, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 22,

ABSTRACT: Aspergillus species are major causes of pre- and post-harvest spoilage of groundnut. During 2013, the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species from groundnut sold from markets in Hwange, Gwanda, Umzingwane, Insiza, Beitbridge and Matobo markets in Zimbabwe were assessed. These represent areas of high groundnut production which experience recurrent drought, a major contributory factor in Aspergillus occurrence. The samples were separately analyzed for the presence of aflatoxigenic species Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The isolation of these species was carried out using direct plating methods and their identification based on macroscopic and microscopic criteria. A total of seven Aspergillus species of and other microbes were isolated from the collected namely A. flavus, A. niger, A. oryzae, A. parasiticus, A. terreus, A. tamari, A. nidullani and Rhizopus spp. However, there were variations in the degree of occurrence of each of the two species in each of these samples. The important isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus that cause aflatoxins were inoculated in vitro on eleven groundnut genotypes obtained from the Crop Breeding Institute, Zimbabwe and Seed-Co Private Limited for their response to seed colonisation and infection. No variety was immune to the two Aspergillus spp, however, variety CG7 and Mwenje together with IIanda and Nyanda had a relatively longer incubation period for A. flavus and A. parasiticus respectively. During the seed resistance status test only three genotypes (Falcon, CG 7 and Nyanda) were found to be moderately resistant to infection by A. flavus and the remaining eight genotypes (Makulu Red, Tern, Teal, Mwenje, SC Orion, Flamingo and SC GV 00004) were susceptible in the laboratory tests. All the varieties succumbed to A. parasiticus during the seed resistance test. Overall, these results show the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp in groundnuts in some Zimbabwean markets. Moreover, there is limited genetic resistance in groundnut to the A. flavus and A. parasiticus in the available genotypes implying great consumer risk.

[1]. Bhatnagar D, Cary JW, Ehrlich K, Yu J, Cleveland TE (2006). Understanding the genetics of regulation of aflatoxin production and Aspergillus flavus development. Mycopathologia 2006; 162: 155-66.
[2]. Clement Abrida, J, A. Lennox, Bassey F, Asikong atim Asitom Ikpoh S. Ikpoh, Effiom E. Henshaw, Mathew E. Eja. Isolation of aflatoxin producing spp of Aspergillus from food stuffs sold in calabar markets, Cross River state, Nigeria. J. microbiol. Biotech, Res, 2013, 3 (1): 8-13
[3]. Craufurd, P.Q., Prasad, P.V.V., Waliyar, F. and Taheri, A. (2006). Drought, Pod Yield, Pre-harvest Aspergillus Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination on Peanut in Niger. Field Crop Research, 98:20-29.
[4]. FAOSTAT (2010) Groundnut world production.http://www.faostat.fao.org. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy.
[5]. FAO (2007). Agricultural Crop Production Statistics, available at www.fao.org/faostat. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy.

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the viability of cocoa production under different management systems in Edo State, Nigeria with the view of choosing the best management system to be adopted by the farmers. It focuses specifically on the variability of the various management systems identified as well as the constraint peculiar to the different management systems in study area. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 182 cocoa farmers in the study area while structured questionnaire and interview schedule were used to collect data from the respondents. Data were analyzed using investment decision model comprising of the Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). From the NPV, BCR and IRR analysis at 19% discount rate, the three management systems were viable. The estimate of NPV (N 119,918.19) and IRR (30.04%) for owner managed systems was the highest, meaning that, it was the most economically and financially viable management system practiced by the farmers. The BCR for all the management system were greater than one which confirmed viability of the enterprises. However, leased management system was the least viable relative to owner managed and share crop managed system. The major constraints faced by the farmers were lack of finance, credit accessibility and pest problem, inadequate storage facilities, inadequate processing facilities. It was recommended that farmer in study area should be encouraged to choose the owner managed system of cocoa farming production system over the share crop and leasehold management farm system base on the viability of the enterprise. Also investment in cocoa production should be increased tremendously by providing expanded access to cheap and flexible credit, as finance presented a major limiting factor in cocoa production in the study area.

Key words: Cocoa, Production, Viability, Management Systems

[1]. Adewale J G and LT Oguniyi (2000)."Assessment of the Rural Banking Scheme in OgbomoZone of Oyo State". NigerianAgricultural Development Studies; Vol. 1, No. 1, PP 1 – 6, March.
[2]. Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN (2005). Annual Report and Statement of Account.CBN, Abuja.
[3]. Daniel A (2009). Problems and Prospects of Commercial Small and Medium Scale Cocoa and Oil Palm Production In Cross River States Nigeria. Unpublished B.Sc Thesis submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Enugu State University of Science and Technology.
[4]. Dongo LN, Aigbekaen EO, Jayeola CO, Emaku LA and Orisajo SB (2009). Influence of farmers practices on cocoa bean quality: Nigeria field experience. Afria Crop Science conference proceedings, vol. 9.pp299-302.
[5]. Emokaro CO, Ekunme PA and Achille, A. (2009). Profitability and Viability of Catfish Farming in Kogi State, Nigeria Research Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 5(7): 776-779.

ABSTRACT: A study on knowledge, altitude, and practices of pesticide usage among small holder oil palm farmers were conducted in Sandakan, Sabah. 50 respondents were chosen to be part of the study and were questioned on their demographic background, knowledge and practices of the pesticide usage. The survey questionnaire also covers on symptoms of pesticides poisoning experienced by the respondents. Majority of the respondents were men age between 31 years old to 40 years old with their education level was only at the primary school with 6 to 10 years of experience in pesticide handling. Score method was used to determine the farmer's knowledge, attitude and practices and it shows that 72% of the respondent has a high level of pesticides handling knowledge along with good attitudes and practices. Correlation analysis suggesting that the more experience they have, the higher knowledge on pesticide usage they gain and makes them a better user. However based on the interviewed this was more on transfer knowledge of routine daily works from their senior or worker before them. Some of them also experience symptoms of positioning such as itchiness, nausea and headache direct after spraying signifying that sometimes the daily practice was just not in line with their knowledge and the good pesticide handling practice which implemented by the local authorities.

Keywords: Attitude, knowledge, oil palm farmer, pesticide handling, practice

[1] A.V Waichman, E. Eve, and N.N.C Silva,. Do farmers understand the information display on pesticide product labels? A key question to reduce pesticides exposure and risk of poisoning in the Brazilian Amazon. Crop protection. 26, 2006, 576-583.

[2] C.A Franklin, & J.P Worgan, (eds). Occupational and Residential Exposure Assessment for Pesticides. (United Kingdom, John Wiley & Sons, 2005).

[3] P Sodovy, M Sitha, R Nugent, and H Murphy, Farmers' Awareness and Perception of the effect of Pesticides on Their Health. (FAO Community Programme, 2000).

[4] K.G Sam, H.H Andrade, L. Pradhan, A. Pradhan, S. J Sones, P. G. M Rao, and C. Sudhakar Effectiveness of an Educational Program to Promote Pesticides Safety Among Pesticides Handlers of South India. International Achieves of occupational and environmental health. 81, 2008, 787- 795.

[5] W.R. Borg, and M.D. Gall, Educational Research An Introduction. (New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1979) .

ABSTRACT: The study examined the marketing margin and the profitability of fuel wood Business in Enugu State, Nigeria clusters random sampling techniques was employed in carrying out the study in the three urban areas of the States. A total of 90 traders (middle men) were selected namely 45 fuel wood wholesalers and 45 retailers for the study. Data were obtained through primary sources by use of questioners. Information sourced from them included sources of fuel wood, purchasing and selling prices, transfer costs and means of transportation. The data were analyzed by employing marketing and gross margins. The findings of the study revealed that the marketing margin for the traders was 45.9% while the harvesters share was 54.1%. The result of the profitability analysis showed that variables costs were high at both wholesale and retail sales revenue consisting of 84.47% and 91.27% of sales revenue at wholesale and retail levels respectively. The findings showed that the gross margin for wholesalers was 14.53% of sales revenue or 16.7% of total costs while for retailers it was 8.7% of sales revenue or 9.4% of total costs. The net profits for both wholesalers and retailers were 13.27% and 8.01% of sales revenue or 15.30% and 8.7% of total costs respectively. The overall result revealed that fuel wood market performance in the study area was poor because of high marketing margins that to improve on the level of performance on fuel wood business in the study area feeder roads should to improve upon. This will facilitate easy conveyance of fuel wood from the rural areas to urban centres and also credit advancement to the fuel wood sellers is advocated.

Keywords: Fuel wood, sales revenue, wholesale and retailers.

[1]. Agarwal, B. (9186). Cold Heart and Burrne Slops: the woodfuel crisis. London. Zed Books Ltd.
[2]. Ahmed, M.RL. (1996). "marketing of woodfuel in Bangladesh: the case of Hathazari Thama under chttagong district". A technical paper presented at national training course RADA, Bogra, Bangladeshi, Dec. 7-11.
[3]. Bender, W. and M. Smith (1997). Population Bulletin Vol. 51, No. 4, Feb. p 13.
[4]. Food and Agricultual Organization (1985). Trees Growing by Rural People. RomE.
[5]. Iheme, D.A. (1997). The marketing of food crops in Enugu States, Nigeria: A case study of Rice, Maize and Beans. Unplished M.Sc. Thesis Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

ABSTRACT: The study was carried out in the South East of Nigeria. The study compared the sources of savings and the amount mobilized by traditional and modern cooperatives in the study area. The study concerned 36 cooperatives out of which were 18 modern and 18 traditional. These cooperatives were selected from six agricultural zones of Ebonyi and Enugu States. Thirty six leaders of the association were purposively selected and 180 members of the cooperative were sampled in both formal and informal associations. Both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected through the use of questionnaires design differently for the leaders and members of both forms of the cooperation while secondary data were obtained form available financial records of the associations. The data were analyzed by using percentages and t-test. The findings of the study showed that the tow forms of the cooperation mobilize savings through contributions paid by individual members on pre-arranged periods and other sources such as registration fees, fines, levies and interests generated from loans given by the associations. Both forms of cooperation also mobilize savings from group agricultural investment and other economic activities. Traditional cooperatives excelled in amount of money mobilized through contributions from individual members, group investment in other economic activities and an alternative sources of fund such as registration fees, fines, levies and interest on loans, while modern groups performed better in group agricultural investment. In conclusion, the study revealed that indigenous associations had more sources of savings and performed excellently in mobilizing savings than modern associations. Therefore traditional cooperatives should be encouraged and further developed by government by inoculating the principles and practices of cooperatives into these groups so that they could serve as financial poor to the ruralities.

Keywords: Traditional cooperatives, Registration fees, Fines, Levies and Interest on loans

[1]. Fujisawa, K. (1974). "Discrepancy between the Principle of modern cooperation and those of Traditional Rural Life". Year Book of Agricultural Cooperation. London: The Plunket Foundation for cooperative studies.
[2]. Ijere, M.O. (1981). "The Role of Cooperatives in Nigerian Agriculture". In: Agricultural Credit and Finance in Nigeria. Problems and Prospects. A seminar organized by Central Bank of Nigeria.
[3]. Ijere, M.O. (1982). Directory of Nigerian Cooperatives. University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[4]. Ijere, M.O. (1986). A critical Assessment of the suitability of self-help groups for the cooperatives movement. RDC, U.N.N.
[5]. Nweze, N.J. (1990). The structure, functioning and potential of indigenous cooperatives credit associations in financing agriculture: a case study of Anambra and Benue States, Nigeria. An unpublished Ph.D Thesis Department of Agriculture Economics, U.N.N.

ABSTRACT: The primary concern of this study was to compare and analyze structure and operations of indigenous and modern cooperatives in mobilizing savings in South-East, Nigeria. The study examined and compared the socio-economic variables of the cooperation of cooperatives, nature, objectives and structures of the two forms of cooperatives. The study covered 36 cooperatives out of which were 18 modern and 18 traditional. These cooperatives were selected from 6 agricultural zones of Ebonyi and Enugu States. Thirty six leaders of the association were purposively selected and 180 members of the cooperatives were sampled in both formal and informal associations. Primary data were collected through the use of questionnaire designed differently for the leaders and members of both forms of the cooperatives. The data were analyzed using percentage chi-square (X2) test. The findings of the study revealed that both forms of cooperatives operate savings mobilization under non-rotating and only indigenous operate rotating savings. The result showed that majority of the operators was literate and married.

Keywords: Economic development, Agricultural economics and indigenous cooperatives

[1]. Fujisawa, K. (1974). "Discrepancy between the principles of modern cooperation and those of traditional rural life" Year Book of Agricultural Cooperation. London: The Plunket Foundation for cooperative Studies.
[2]. Lipsey, R.G. (1983). The Structure, functioning and potentials of indigenous cooperatives credit associations in Financing Agriculture. A case study of Anambra and Benue States, Nigeria. An unpublished Ph.D Thesis Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[3]. Oladeji, M.O. (1979). "An Approach to Cooperative Member Education Through functional Literancy: Oyo State Experience Paper Presented at the National Conference on Cooperatives in the 4th National Development plan of Nigeria 1981-85, U.N.N, September, 1979.
[4]. Waler, R. (1985). Applied Qualitative Research Hants: Grower Publishing Company.

ABSTRACT: According to International Fund for Agriculture Development, poverty in Africa emanates from low farm incomes and unemployment. In Kenya, this is not different because about 80% of the farmers are of small-scale owing less than two ha of land and depend mainly on agriculture as their source of livelihood. This paper established the strategies and mechanisms that would be adopted to enhance food production in Kenya. Summative Evaluation research design was adopted and 400 rural households formed the target population. Multi-stage random sampling was used to select a sample of 60 respondents. Questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussion guide were used to collect data, which was thereafter analyzed using descriptive statistics and nomothetic evaluation.

1]. CAADP, (2010). How are countries increasing up to the Maputo declaration? Policy Brief, Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. Retrieved from: www.repad-caadp.net/pdf/How%20are%20countries%20measuring %20up%20to%20the%20Maputo%20 declaration.pdf. On 17 June 2012.
[2]. Evans, A. (2009). The Feeding of the Nine Billion: Global Food Security for the 21st Century. AChatham House Report. London : The Royal Institute for International Affairs.
[3]. FAO, (2009). "Measures of enhance Global Food Security: Rural Development Smallholder Farmer and Trade Consideration". Rome, Italy.
[4]. FAO, (2008). Climate Change and Food Security: A Framework Document. FAO.Rome.
[5]. FAO,(2006). The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO.Rome,Italy
[6]. FAO.(2006a)'.World Agriculture: towards 2030/2050','FAO Global Study, June.
[7]. FAO, (2002). The State of Food Insecurity in The World. Retrieved from: www.fao.org/../y7352e00.htm Accessed on 6th April 2012.

ABSTRACT: This study investigates the role of the six selected agroforestry tree species and how they promote livelihoods diversification among 340 smallholders living in 18 rural communities in North-Western Katsina State, Nigeria. It went further to argue that households in the area will go on to modify their livelihood strategies in response to the selected trees' use and management. Modest empirical research has been conducted in the area to investigate this claim so as to extend existing research focus on livelihoods diversification. Methodologically, the study utilized approaches grounded within modified sustainable livelihood framework to gather and analyze socio-economic data with a view to critically evaluate the households' influence on the fortunes of these trees. Results of the chi-square test suggest that these selected trees found in agroforestry systems contribute significantly to livelihoods diversification as well as serve to diversify income sources among the rural communities living within the study area through income sources like sales of fuelwood, traditional medicines, fruits, crafts and honey.

[1]. Agrawal, A., and Perrin, N. (2008). Climate Adaptation, Local Institutions, and Rural Livelihoods. IFRI Working Paper W081-6, 350-367 http:// sitemaker.Umich.edu/ifri/files/w0816.agrawal perrin .pdf.
[2]. Batterbury, S. (2001). Landscapes of Diversity: A Local Political Ecology of LivelihoodsDiversification in South-Western Niger. Journal of Cultural geographies, 8 (4):437-464.doi: 1177/096746080100800404
[3]. Campbell, B.M., Jeffrey, S., Kozanayi, W., Luckert, M., Mutamba, M., and Zinda, C., (2002).
[4]. Household Livelihoods in Semi-Arid Regions. Options and Constraints, 153. Published by Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.
[5]. Chianu, J.N., Ajani, O.I.Y and Chianu, J.N. (2008). Livelihoods and Rural Wealth Distribution Among Farm Households in Western Kenya: Implications for Rural Development, Poverty
[6]. Alleviation, intervention and Peace. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3 (7): 455- 464. Academic Journals. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR

ABSTRACT: The research aims at analyzing the strategic of beef cattle's sustainble development in Tanah Laut as the centra of beef cattle in South Kalimantan. The research was conducted in Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The research method was survey. The data analysis apllied the opportunity analysis. The strategies conducted were: the development of integrated beef cattle to meet the market demand with business oriented for public livestock business; the increasement of fund support from the government/ personal for the cattleman; the increasement of intensive training and counseling about the efficient technology of livestock;improving the cooporation between the related instancies in term of the use of land; improving the utilization of the processing the agricultural/ husbandry wastes technology which give more values; improving the cattle productivity by applying the efficient technology (feed, breed, management); providing the superior bull for improving the quality of the breeding.

Key words: beef cattle, farming system, sustainability

[1]. Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan. Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2013; Kementrian Pertanian. Jakarta, 2013. (In Indonesian) [2]. Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan. Pedoman Umum Program Swasembada Daging Sapi 2014; Kementrian Pertanian. Jakarta. 2010. (In Indonesian)
[3]. Harianto. Pembenahan Pasokan Daging Sapi Melalui Sistem Logistik Nasional. http://www.setkab.go.id/artikel-8975-pembenahan-pasokan-daging-sapi-melalui-sistem-logistik-nasional.html, 2013. (In Indonesian). [4]. Hunger, J. D.; Wheelen, T.L. Strategic Management. London : Andi Publisher, Ed- 2. 2003. [5]. Badan Pusat Statistik Tanah Laut. Tanah Laut dalam Angka. Kabupaten Tanah Laut, 2012. (In Indonesian). [6]. Dinas Peternakan Tanah Laut. Laporan Tahunan. Tanah Laut (In Indonesian), 2012.

ABSTRACT:The content of organic matter in the soil is one of the factors that contribute in determining the success of cultivation agricultural. This is because organic matter can increase the fertility of the chemical, physical and biological soil. Determination of organic matter content is done based on the number of C-organic. The low organic matter in the soil is because of the intensive agricultural system. Soil conditions in Palang has very low C-organic content, the average is less than 1%. The C-organic content less than 1% of the soil cannot provide sufficient nutrients, in addition to the nutrients supplied by manure are unable to be handled by the soil components so easily leached, decreased cation exchange capacity, weakening the soil aggregation, micro nutrients easily leached and decreased the power of water binding..

[1]. Arifin, Z. 2011. Analysis of Soil Quality Index Value Entisol in Different Land Use. Agroteksos 21 (1):47-54
[2]. BOA. 2008. Rescue Mother Earth Organic Farming. Denpasar: Bali Organic Association.
[3]. Brady, N. C. dan Harry O Buckman. 2002. Soil Science. Bhratara Karya Aksara Publisher. Jakarta.
[4]. Brady, N. C. and R. R. Weil. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils 13th Edition. Wiley Eastern Limited. India
[5]. Debuyser dan Tessier. 2004. Soil Physical Properties Affected By Long-term Fertilization. Europ. J. Soil Sci. 55: 505-512.
[6]. Hardjowigeno, S. 1985. Soil Genesis and Classification. IPB Graduate School. Bogor
[7]. Mowidu. 2001. Role of Organic Matter and Clay Aggregates Against Aggregation and Pore Size on Entisol. Graduate Thesis.

ABSTRACT:Babesiosis or Tick fever is economically the most important arthropod-borne disease of cattle worldwide. The causative agent is protozoan parasite of the genus Babesia species. The two main species known to affect cattle are Babesiabovis and Babesiabigemina. In this case report, the clinical signs observed were; anorexia, emaciation and loss of weight, slight pale mucus membrane, presence of ectoparasites (ticks), and enlarged mandibular and superficial lymph nodes. The peripheral blood smear revealed the presence of piroplasmic organisms Babesia in RBC. The haematology revealed, packed cell volume (PCV) 30% and haemoglobin concentration (HB) 9.2 g/dl. The animal was treated with a single dose of Diminazeneaceturate (berenil) IM, at 5mg/kg BW, with supportive therapy.

[1] OIE, Bovine babesiosis in OIE Update, 2013. [2] S. Gohil, H. Susann, G. Svenja, and M.C. Brian, Bovine babesiosis in the 21st century: Advances in biology and functional genomics. International Journal for Parasitology. 43, 2013, 125-132. [3] F.F.J. Abdullah, L. Adamu, A.Y. Osman, A.W. Haron, and A.A. Sharee, Clinical management of an outbreak of babesiosis in a herd of cattle: A case report. Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary science. 4, 2013, 78-83. [4] W.K. Jorgensen, The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edn. The Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA. 2008, 21-26. [5] D. Sackett, P. Holmes, K. Abbott, S. Jephcott, and M. Barber, Assessing the economic cost of endemic disease on the profitability of Australian beef cattle and sheep producers. Meat & Livestock Australia, Sydney. Limited Final Report, AHW.087, 2006. Available from: <http://www.mla.com.au/Research-anddevelopment/Final-report details project id=3578>. [6] R. Bock, L. Jackson, A. de Vos, and W. Jorgensen, Babesiosis of cattle. VeterinaryParasitology 129, 2004, S247–S269

ABSTRACT:A two year old female Caucassiandog weighing 25kg was presentedwith a history of sternal recumbence, emaciation, rough hair coat with some hairs falling off. On clinical examination the rectal temperature was 39.5oC, heart rate 160 b/m, slight pale mucus membrane, inflammation of the pelvis with evidence of pain on palpation and swollen vulva with mucopurulent discharges. Based on the history, clinical signs and laboratory results, the condition was diagnosed as open cervix pyometra and was successfully managed medically.

[1]. A. Venucopalan, Pyometra in bitch: Essentials of Veterinary Surgery and IBM publishing Co., New Delhi; 354-355.
[2]. H.E. Amstutz , D.P. Anderson, T. Armour, L.B. Jeffcott, F.M. Loew and A.M. Wolf, Pyometra IN: Reproductive diseases of the female small animals, Merks veterinary manual 8th Edn White house USA: 1998, 1038-40. [3]. J.E. Cox, 1970. Progestagens in bitches: A review. J. Small Anim. Prac., 11, 1970, 759. [4]. Susi, A., R. Iris and H. Madeleine, 2006. Canine pyometra: New approaches to an old disease. Proceedings of the 31st World Small Animal Veterinary Conference, (WSAV'06), Czech Republic, pp: 691-692. [5]. R. Hagman, New aspects of canine pyometra. Ph.D. Thesis,The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2000.
[6]. R. Mahesh, V. Devi Prasad, J. Devarathnam, N. Sumiran, G. Kamalakar, and R.V. Suresh Kumar, Successful Management of a Critical Case of Pyometra in a Bitch: A CaseReport, Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, 2(8): 2014,21-23.

ABSTRACT:This study was carried out during 2012 and 2013 seasons at El-Sheikh Zuwayid ,North Sinai Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of mult-ingredient of bokashi on N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mn and Mg in the leaves, yield as well as some physical and chemical characteristics of Clementine mandarin fruits and soil properties under saline water irrigation. Seven treatments were done as follows: T1: control treatment (normal sandy soil), T2: poultry manure 10 kg/ tree, T3: bokashi1 (poultry manure + solid olive waste +EM+ molasses) 10 kg/ tree, and T4: bokashi 2 (poultry manure + rice straw +EM+ molasses) 10 kg/ tree. T5: bokashi 3 (poultry manure + rice husks +EM+ molasses) 10 kg/ tree, T6: bokashi 4 (poultry manure + solid olive waste + rice straw +EM+ molasses) 10 kg/ tree and T7: bokashi 5 (poultry manure + solid olive waste + rice husks+ EM+ molasses) 10 kg/ tree.

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