iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2014

Abstract: Congenital abnormalities can develop at any time after the first month of pregnancy. From conception to birth, the embryo, and the fetus have to adapt, at a molecular and transcriptional level, to various changes in their cellular mileau . At conception, this environment depends on the micronutritional status of maternal and paternal germ cells and after conception on maternal nutritional status, metabolism, and lifestyle. Neural tube defect (NTD) is one of the commonest malformations with worldwide prevalence of 1-3/1000 live births. They are caused by failure of neural tube to close during neurulation in 21-28 embryonic days. The most common types of NTD are anencephaly and spina bifida, which are caused by failure of closure of cranial pore and spinal part of neural tube, respectively. Unfortunately the number of studies on this aspect is too scanty in our state. Therefore the present research work has been undertaken in the Department of Anatomy, M.K.C.G. Medical College, Berhampur during the period 2011-2013 with the help of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Radiodiagnosis to study the Neural tube defect aiming to know the prevalence and demographic status , to reduce maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality by selected obstetrical management.
Keyword: Anencephaly , Congenital , Neural tube defect , Neurulation , Spina bifida.

[1]. Abdi Rad I., ,H.R.Farrokh-Islamlou ,M. Khoshkalam : Neural Tube Defects Prevalence In A Hospital-Based Study In Urmia; Iran J Child Neurology June 2008 .
[2]. Feuchtbaum LB, Currier RJ, Riggle S, Roberson M, Lorey FW, Cunningham GC. Neural tube defect prevalence in California (1990-1994): eliciting patterns by type of defect and maternal race/ethnicity. Genet Test 1999; 3 (3): 265-272.
[3]. Isada, Nelson B.; Qureshi, Faisal; Jacques, Suzanne M.; Holzgreve, Wolfgang; Tout, Mary Jo; Johnson, Mark P.; Evans, Mark I. (1993). "Meroanencephaly: Pathology and Prenatal Diagnosis". Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy8 (6): 428.
[4]. Bernard Jean-Pierre , MD; Howard S. Cuckle, BA, MSc, DPhil; Julien J. Stirnemann, MD; Laurent J. Salomon, MD, PhD; Yves Ville, MD; Screening for fetalspina bifida by ultrasound examinationin the first trimester of pregnancy using fetalbiparietal diameter; 306.e1 American Journal of Obstetrics &Gynecology 2012.
[5]. N N Dissanayake, S C Wickramasinghe2, D M W H Bandara3, Study on neural tube defects of neonates and folic acid awareness at aTeaching Hospital in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2010; 39:11-16.

Abstract: Peptic Ulcer Disease or PUD, one of the most common ulcers, refers to ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract in the region of the stomach. This is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world affecting the lives of millions of people in their everyday life. However, sufficient and up-to-date data regarding the disease in Bangladesh are largely lacking. Therefore this descriptive study was conducted from June to December 2013 to explore the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease among the patients attending the department of medicine in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Detailed information was collected from the patients (respondents) and hospital files of 196 patients with peptic ulcer on a predesigned pro-forma and analyzed using SPSS 17 for frequencies and distributions. The study shows that 16.3%, 24%, 7.7%, 25.5% and 26.5% of the respondents belongs to age group of 15-20 years, 21-25 years, 26-30 years, 31-35 years and 36-45 years with the mean age Mean ± SD=3.22  1.474. The study reveals that most of the respondents (62.8%) are Male and rests of them were Female (37.2%).

[1]. Bhat, Sriram, Johannessen T., Cullen DJ, Hawkey GM, Greenwood DC,Peptic Ulcer, (4th July 2013) Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer (Accessed:12th July 2013).
[2]. Murray Longmore, Ian B. Wilkinson, Edward H. Davidson, Alexander Foulkes, Ahmad R. Mafi, Oxford Handbook Of Clinical Medicine, 8th edn., New York: Oxford University Press Inc.; 2010.
[3]. WebMd, Digestive Disorders Health Center, September 2012 Available at:http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-peptic-ulcer-disease(Accessed: 13th July 2013).
[4]. Sheila E Crowe, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FACG, AGAF, Peptic Ulcer disease (Beyond the basics), October 2011, Available at: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/peptic-ulcer-disease-beyond-the-basics (Accessed: 13th July 2013).
[5]. Sandler RS, et al: The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United Sates. Gastroenterology 122:1500, 2002.

Abstract: Objective: To assess serum leptin and plasma ghrelin concentrations and their roles in the response to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and steatosis. Methods: This study was conducted on 50 chronic HCV patients with steatosis, and 50 healthy participants of matched age as a control group. Serum leptin, plasma ghrelin, serum HCV-RNA concentrations and insulin resistance were measured in patients with HCV before and after antiviral treatment using Peg-IFN plus ribavirin for 48 weeks. Results: We showed high insulin resistance and serum leptin level, while. low plasma ghrelin level at base line in patients with HCV compared to healthy controls. Leptin level increase (P=0.023) while ghrelin levels tend to decrease (P=0.004) as the grade of steatosis worsens. Sustained virological response ( SVR) as achieved in 28 patients (56%) and was associated with a lower grade of liver steatosis (P=0.013), milder fibrosis (P=0.002), low value of insulin resistance (P=0.001), lower leptin levels (P=0.005) and higher ghrelin levels (P=0.001). Conclusions: Decreased serum leptin whereas Increased plasma ghrelin before treatment may predict Sustained virological response. Ghrelin exerts antifibrotic effects in the liver and may represent a novel antifibrotic therapy.
Key words: Ghrelin, Steatosis, HCV, Leptin , SVR.

[1] Mohamed AA, Loutfy SA, Craik JD, Hashem AM, Sia I, Chronic hepatitis C genotype-4 infection: role of insulin resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma, Virology Journal, 2011, 8:496. doi:10.1186/1743 -422X-8-496. [2] Zekri AR, Bahnassy AA, Abdel-Wahab SA, Khafagy MM, Loutfy SA, Radwan H, and Shaarawy SM, Expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in relation to apoptotic genes in Egyptian liver disease patients associated with HCV-genotype-4, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 24:416-28.
[3] Loguercio C, Federico A, Oxidative stress in viral and alcoholic hepatitis, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2003; 34(1):1–10.
[4] Negro F and Alaei M, Hepatitis C virus and type 2 diabetes,World J Gastroenterol, 2009; 15(13):1537–47.
[5] Eslam M, Khattab MA and Harrison SA, Insulin resistance and hepatitis C: an evolving story, Gut, 2011; 60:1139-1151.

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest and commonest infectious diseases also known as "master of death" or "Captain of death". Pulmonary TB(PTB) and TB with pleural effusion remains a diagnostic challenge. Adenosine deaminase(ADA) is an enzyme of purine catabolism which is an inexpensive and easy test in early routine evaluation of patients with pleural effusion and helps to avoid invasive test like biopsy. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the exact role of ADA in TB patients with and without pleural effusion and in non-tuberculosis pleural effusion and to provide a clear picture of ADA for early diagnosis & management of TB. Materials and method: Study comprised of 132 subjects of which 33 are healthy controls and 33 are confirmed cases of pulmonary TB without effusion, 33 are PTB with effusion and 33 are non-TB effusion patients. Age group range was from 20- 70 years. Estimation of serum and pleural fluid Adenosine deaminase by Guisti and Galanti method of enzymatic analysis. Results: Serum ADA levels in pulmonary tuberculosis (55.09 + 11.02) patients and pulmonary tuberculosis with pleural effusion (44.01 + 7.82) were significantly higher (p <0.001) when compared with healthy controls (18.11 + 6.13). Pleural fluid ADA levels were significantly higher (p <0.0001) in pulmonary tuberculosis with pleural effusion (82.61+ 12.03) than in non tuberculosis pleural effusion (27.72 +7.80). In the present study, the mean pleural fluid ADA were significantly higher as compared to mean serum ADA in pulmonary tuberculosis with pleural effusion (p <0.0001) and in non tuberculosis pleural effusion (p <0.0008). Conclusion: ADA level in serum as well as in pleural fluid in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB with or without pleural effusion is a very sensitive, specific, inexpensive, rapid, easily available & reliable investigation.
Keywords: Adenosine deaminase, pulmonary TB, pulmonary TB with pleural effusion, non-tuberculosis pleural effusion.

[1] Mathur PC, Tiwari KK, Trikha S and Tiwari D: Diagnostic utility of Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in Tubercular serositis. Indian journal of Tuberculosis 2006; 53:92-95.
[2] Tuberculosis: A leading killer disease – Health and Fitness – Life and Style; article show. 2009; Dec 4.
[3] Kumar P, Clark M. Infectious diseases. In: Kumar and Clark Clinical Medicine. 6th edition. Elsevier, Saunders. 2005: 86-91.
[4] Kaisemann MC, Kritski AL, Pereira M.F.C, Trajman A. Pleural fluid adenosine deaminase detection for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis J Bras Pneumol 2004; 30(6).
[5] Light RW. Useful tests on the pleural fluid in the management of patients with pleural effusions. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1999; 5: 245-52.

Abstract: Isolated premature menarche is a rare unusual event of cyclic vaginal bleeding in the absence of development of secondary sexual characters. The cause remains unclear but may be related to unusual endocrine sensitivity of the endometrium to the low levels of estrogens. We report a rare case of isolated premature menarche in an 18 months old girl. Till date very few cases have been reported.

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[4]. Blunk, W, Bierich, J.R, and Bettendorf, A (1967). Uber fruhreife III. Mitteilung. Idiopathische pubertas praecox, and premature thelarche 115, 555-563
[5]. D Murram, John Dewhurst and D B Grant. Premature menarche: a follow –up study, Archives of disease in childhood, 1983, 58,142-156.

Abstract: Spleen, being the largest organ of the mononuclear phagocytic system is involved in many systemic inflammations, generalized haematopoietic disorders as well as metabolic disorders.By its anatomic location where it is not protected by a bony cage,makes it prone to traumatic injury.Splenectomy is also one of the modalities of treatment in haematological disorders like thalassaemias which will help in minimizing the need, frequency and complications of repeated blood transfusions.On the other hand,post-splenectomy complications may be life-threatening with a mortality of 50% to 80%. Nowadays, attempts are made to save splenic functions by performing repair of laceration in injuries or by partial splenectomy. Fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) ,a non-invasive diagnostic procedure may be helpful in some conditions without undergoing the invasive surgical approach. Splenic pathology has not been much studied in this region.The retrospective study was taken up to highlight the histomorphological pattern of surgically removed splenectomy specimens and to correlate with with the clinical conditions.A total of 20 splenectomy specimens were received in the five-year period and the findings are highlighted.
Key words: Extramedullary haematopoiesis, Thalassaemia, Traumatic spleen, Splenectomy.

[1]. Aster J C. Diseases of white blood cells , lymph nodes , spleen and thymus. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto M. (Eds) Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, 7th Ed. 2005: Pp702- 705 .
[2]. Ameh E A, Chirdan L B, Nmadu PT . Blunt abdominal trauma in children : epidemiology , management and management problems in a developing country. Paediatric Surgery International. 2000; 16: 505-509.
[3]. AL-Kindi H, Devi L, George M. Splenic pathology in traumatic rupture of the spleen: A five year study. Oman Medical Journal 2009; 24(2):81-83.
[4]. Achoubi N, Asghar M, Saraswathy KN, Murry B. Prevalence of b-thalassemia and hemoglobin E in two migrant populations of Manipur, North East India. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16(10): 1195-1200
[5]. Al- Salem A H, Naserulla Z, Qaisaruddin S, Al-Dabbous I, Abkari H A, Al-Jama A et al . Splenectomy in hematological Diseases. Annals of Saudi Medicine 1999; 19 :325-330.

Abstract: During the second half of 20th century, a cesarean section implied that all subsequent pregnancies were very likely to be delivered in the same way. This policy was the result from the fear of catastrophic uterine scar rupture of classical cesarean section, which persisted even after its replacement with lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) without the same basis. Uterine rupture usually occurs at the site of deficient cesarean scars. The majority of fenestrations or dehiscence are asymptomatic and may initially be quite subtle and may be seen during the process of future cesarean sections. Here we presenting the series of 6 cases of silent scar dehiscence of previous LSCS scar seen during repeat cesarean sections which was apparently accidental finding.
Keywords: Lower Segment Cesarean Section, Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Section, Premature Rupture Of Membrane.

[1]. Guise JM, McDonagh MS, Osterweil P, Nygren P, Chan BK, Helfand M. Systematic review of the incidence and consequences of uterine rupture in women with previous caesarean section. BMJ 2004;329:19-25.
[2]. Hofmeyr GJ, Say L, Gulmezoglu AM. WHO systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity: the prevalence of uterine rupture. BJOG 2005;112:1221-8.
[3]. Jastrow N, Chaillet N, Roberge S, Morency AM, Lacasse Y, Bujold E. Sonographic lower uterine segment thickness and risk of uterine scar defect: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010;32(4):321-7.
[4]. Rozenberg P, Goffinet F, Phillippe HJ, Nisand I. Ultrasonographic measurement of lower uterine segment to assess risk of defects of scarred uterus. Lancet.1996;347(8997):281-4.
[5]. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY. Prior cesarean delivery. In: Williams Obstetrics edited by Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY. 23st edn. New York: Mc Graw-Hill. 2010.

Abstract: Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is a group of inherited disorder of dental enamel formation in the absence of systemic manifestations. AI is also known as Hereditary enamel dysplasia, Hereditary brown enamel, Hereditary brown opalescent teeth. Since the mesodermal components of the teeth is normal, this defect is entirely ectodermal in origin. Variants of AI generally are classified as hypoplastic, hypocalcified, or hypomineralised types based on the primary enamel defect. The affected teeth may be discoloured, sensitive or prone to disintegration, leading to loss of occlusal vertical dimensions and very poor aesthetics. They exists in isolation or associated with other abnormalities in syndromes.

[1]. Aldred MJ, Crawford PJM, Savarirayan R: Amelogensisimperfecta - a classification and catalogue for the 21st century. Oral Dis,2003 9:19-23
[2]. Simmer JP, Hu JC. Expression, structure and function of enamel proteinases. Connect tissue Res.2002: 43;(2-3);441-9 review
[3]. Li W, Gao C, Yan Y, Denbesten P. X-linked amelogenesisimperfecta may result from decreased formation of tryosine rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP). Arch Oral Biol.2003; 48:177-83; 2003
[4]. Iwasaki K, Bajenova E, Somogyi-Ganss E, Miller M, Nguyen V, Nourkeyhani H, Gao Y, Wendel M, Ganss B: Amelotin-a Novel Secreted, Ameloblast-specific Protein. J Dent Res 2005, 84:1127-1132.
[5]. Peter JM Crawford, Michael Aldred, Agnes Bloch-Zupan: Amelogenesisimperfecta. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2007, 2:17 doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-17
[6]. Witkop CJ, Sauk JJ: Heritable defects of enamel. In oral facial genetics edited by : Stewart R, Prescott G, St.Louis: CV Mosby company; 1976:151-226
[7]. Witkop CJ Jr. Amelogenesisimperfecta, dentinogenesisimperfecta and dentin dysplasia revisited: problems in classification. Oral Pathol 1998, 17:547-553
[8]. Aldred MJ, Crawford PJM: Amelogenesisimperfecta-towards a new classification. Oral diseases 1995, 1:2-5
[9]. Hart PS, Hart TC, Simmer JP, Wright JT: A nomenclature for X-linked amelogenesisimperfecta. Arch Oral Bio 2002, 47:255-260
[10]. Iwaski K, Bajenova E, Somogyi-Ganss E, Miller M, Nguyen V, et al Amelotin-a Novel Secreted, Ameloblast-specific Protein. J Dent Res 2005,84:1127-1132.

Abstract: The study assessed knowledge about Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) and attitude to VCT among National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) members in Ilesa and Ile-Ife, South-Western, Nigeria. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive design. A pre-tested, self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from 330 NYSC members who were recruited by multi-stage sampling method from Ilesa and Ile-Ife Local Government Areas, Osun State, Nigeria. The data was analysed using SPSS version 15. The results showed that over 75% of the respondents knew the common modes of HIV transmission and prevention,

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[3]. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Listen, learn, live: world AIDS campaign with children and young people, facts and figures, (Geneva: UNAIDS, 1999) 4
Available from: URL: http://www.unaids.org/wac/1999/eng/facts-e.pdf, accessed 10th June 2009
[4]. National Agency for the Control of AIDS. Global AIDS response: country progress report Nigeria 2012. (Abuja Nigeria, NACA, 2012)
[5]. G. Macdonald, R. O'Brien, K. Pittman, M. Kimball, Adolescents and HIV disease: defining the problem and its prevention, (Washington DC: Academy for Educational Development, 1994) 56
[6]. R. Royce, A. Seña, W. Cates, M. Cohen, Sexual transmission of HIV. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336(15), 1997, 1072-1078
[7]. Chadborn TR, McGarrigle CA, Waight PA, Fenton K. On behalf of the HIV testing surveillance collaborative group. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80, 2004, 145–150.

Abstract: The data screening population study of women using X-ray absorptiometry . The analysis of the dynamics of parameters in different age groups . The dynamics of bone mineral density in different areas of proximal femur, as well as in the femoral neck were compared. Radiation monitoring data in the group over 50 years reflect the demineralization of bone matrix during perimenopause varying severity . The neck of the femur has shown significantly lower optical density compared to total hip region in all age groups studied .

[1]. Lesnyak OM Osteoporosis . Clinical recommendations . 2012 . 269 p.
[2] . Minasov SOVAT with TB . Osteopenic syndrome prevalence among residents of Ufa according to population screening surveys. Medical Journal of Bashkortostan , Volume 7 , № 2, 2012 , p. 39 - 43 .
[3] . Minasov TB et al . Effectiveness of combination therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis using dual action preparations . Traumatology and orthopedics Russia . 2011 - 4 . Pp. 92 - 94 .
[4] . AL Matveev , Minasov TB, et al. Mathematical modeling of the stress-strain state at the femoral neck osteoporosis . Proceedings of the V Conference with international participation "The problem of osteoporosis in traumatology and orthopedics ." Moscow in 2012 . Pp. 81 82 .
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[6]. Kanis J.A., Burlet N., Cooper C. et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. / / Osteoporosis Int. - 2008 . - 19 . - P.399- 428.

Abstract: Background: The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a new form of airway which is introduced blindly into the hypo pharynx to form a seal around the larynx. Insertion of this LMA requires an adequate depth of anaesthesia, as the device is bulky and cannot be inserted unless jaw and pharynx are fully relaxed. The choice of the intravenous induction agent will influence the intubating conditions depending on its ability of obtunding the pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes. This study was done to compare the conditions for insertion of LMA with thiopentone with fentanyl and propofol.

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[3]. PramodBapat, Joshi N, Edward Young. Comparison of propofol versus thiopentone with midazolam or lidocaine to facilitate laryngeal mask insertion. Can J Anaesth 1993; 43: 564-568.
[4]. VandanaTalwar, Rajesh Pattanayak, SujeshBansal. Comparison of propofol versus thiopentone for facilitation of laryngeal mask insertion. J AnaesthClinPharmacol 2004; 20(1): 33-38.

Abstract: Allergic rhinitis being a heterogeneous disorderis often under-diagnosed despite its high prevalence. The age, sex, race or socioeconomic status has no bearing on those who get affected.It is one of the most common chronic conditions in the developed world with a significant impact on the quality of life.Methodology: All the patients who were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis satisfying the inclusion criteria were included in the study by universal sampling, after obtaining informed consent.

[1]. Skoner David P: Allergic rhinitis: Definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection and diagnosis. J of Allergy and Clinical
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[5]. J. David Osguthorpe. Evolution to Current Otolaryngic Allergy Techniques:Allergy management for the otolaryngologist;
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[7]. Neil Mygind, Robert M Naclerio: Allergic VsNonallergic rhinitis clinical aspectsMunksgaard, Copenhagen, chapter 1, Definition, classification, terminology:11-14.

Abstract: Malaria contributes to high morbidity and mortality rate in both young and old in this part of the world. One of the methods for the prevention of malaria is the use of Insecticide treated bed nets. These were distributed to household. It is therefore very important to know, if the people who are advocating the use like the public health physicians are actually practicing it

[1]. Federal Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Programme, 2011. Available at http://www.nmcpnigeria.org.
[2]. Eisele TP, Larsen D, Steketee RW: Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. Int J Epidemiol 2010, 39(1):i88–i101. doi:Available at http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/suppl_1/i88.long. 2.
[3]. Obinna Onwujekwe, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Nkoli Ezumah, Elvis Shu: Increasing coverage of insecticide treated nets in rural Nigeria: implication of consumer knowledge, preferences and expenditures for malaria prevention. Malaria journal 2005, 4:29.
[4]. RBM Vector Control Working Group. Continuous Long-lasting Insecticidal Net Distributions: A Guide to Concepts and Planning. 2011, pp 4-5.
[5]. Noor A et al: Insecticide-treated net coverage in Africa: mapping progress in 2000-07. Lancet 2009, 373:58-67.

Abstract: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been remarkably effective in reducing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated morbidity and mortality. With the inception of ART the long-term survival in HIV-positive populations appears to be approaching that of the general population.

[1]. Mahy M, Stover J, Stanecki K, Stoneburner R, Tassie JM . Estimating the impact of antiretroviral therapy: regional and global estimates of life-years gained among adults. Sex Transm Infect 2010, 86 Suppl 2: ii67–71
[2]. Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH). National HIV Sero-prevalence Sentinel Survey, http://www.nigeriaaids.org/documents/2010_National%20HIV%20Sero%20Prevalence%20Sentinel%20Surveypdf 2010.
[3]. Egger M, May M, Chene G, Phillips AN, Ledergerber B, Dabis F, et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:119–29. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
[4]. Jahn A, Floyd S, Crampin AC, Mwaungulu F, Mvula H, Munthali F, et al. Population-level effect of HIV on adult mortality and early evidence of reversal after introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Malawi. Lancet. 2008;371:1603–11)

Abstract: Lead is a poisonous metal and is widely used in daily life for its good chemical properties. Increased use of lead in industry, its excessive inhalation and ingestion can adversely affect major biological functions in the human body. The study was carried out in Seventy carpenter wardens working in Lahore and. Cases were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria through stratified random sampling using proportional allocation. Blood samples were drawn after informed consent. Blood lead concentrations was determined by atomic absorption spectrometer.

[1] Shotyk, W. and Le-Roux, G., 2005. Bio geochemistry and cycling of lead. Met. Ions Biol. Syst, 43: 239–275.
[2] Xu, J., Lian, L., Wu, C., Wang, X., Fu, W. and Xu, L., 2008. Lead induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and alteration of p53, Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology , 46: 1488–1494.
[3] Gomez, J. M., Vargas, G. G., Carrillo, L. L., Emma Aranda E.S.Gomez,A et al., 2008. Genotoxic Effects of Environmental Exposure to Arsenic and Lead on Children in Region Lagunera, Mexico. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci, 1140: 358–367.
[4] Danadevi, K., Rozati, R., Banu, B.S., Rao, P.H., and Grover, P., 2003. DNA damage in workers exposed to lead using comet assay. Toxicology, 187: 183–193.
[5] Rosin, A., 2009. The Long-term Consequences of Exposure to Lead. Isr Med Assoc J, 11: 689-94.
[6] Wright, R. O., Tsaih, S. W., Schwartz, J., Spiro, A. 3rd., McDonald, K., Weiss, S. T. and Hu, H.,2003.Lead exposure biomarkers and minimental status exam scores in older men. Epidemiology, 14: 713-18.
[7] ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Lead. U.S. Departament of Heath and Human Services. Public Health Service. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007.
[8] Jain, N. B., Laden, F., Guller, U., Shankar, A. Kazani, S. and Garshick, E., 2005. Relation between Blood Lead Levels and Childhood Anemia in India. Am J Epidemiol, 161: 968-973.
[9] Pastor, N., Weinstein, H., Jamison, E. and Brenowitz, M., 2000. A detailed interpretation of OH radical footprints in a TBP–DNA complex reveals the role of dynamics in the mechanism of sequence specific binding. J. Mol. Biol, 304: 55–68.
[10] Kasai, H., 2002. Chemistry-based studies on oxidative DNA damage: formation, repair, and mutagenesis. Free Rad. Biol. Med, 33: 450–456.

Abstract: Torsion of uterine adnexa is an important cause of acute abdominal pain in which torsion of ovarian masses is quite common. Parovarian cysts are benign cysts that are included within the subject of ovarian cysts due to their close position. They are seen rarely in children and are difficult to diagnose. It usually appears as an intra abdominal mass with a clinical picture of acute abdomen in the prepubertal period. The treatment is excision of the cyst with salvage of the ovary and fallopian tubes in uncomplicated cases whereas cyst excision with salpingo-oopherectomy may be required in case of adnexal torsion.

[1]. Brandt ML, Helmrath MA. Ovarian cysts in infants and children. Semin Pediatr Surg 2005; 14(2): 78–85.
[2]. Strickland JL. Ovarian cysts in neonates, children and adolescents. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 14(5): 459–65.
[3]. Cass DL. Ovarian torsion. Semin Pediatr Surg 2005; 14(2): 86–92.
[4]. Dubeau L. The cell of origin of ovarian epithelial tumors and the ovarian surface epithelium dogma: does the emperor have no clothes? Gynecol Oncol 1999; 72(3): 437–42.
[5]. Kiseli M, Caglar GS, Cengiz SD, Karadag D, Yilmaz MB. Clinical diagnosis and complications of paratubal cysts: Review of the literature and report of uncommon cases. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012, 285: 1563–69.
[6]. Barloon TJ, Brown BP, Abu-Yousef MM, Warnock NG. Paraovarian and paratubal cysts: preoperative diagnosis using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 1966;24:117–22.

Abstract: Ulcers are usually identified by abdominal pain, but this can be accompanied by vomiting red or black blood, blood in stool, unexplained weight loss and appetite changes (Corriher, 2010). Evaluation of efficacy of cabbage juice (Brassica oleracea linne) as a potential antiulcer agent and its effect on the haemostatic mechanism of male albino wistar rats was studied using 42 male albino wistar rats.

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[3]. "BROCCOLI CHEMICALS‟ CANCER CHECK" BBC News, 7 February 2006. Retrieved 5 September, 2010.

Abstract: African salad made from cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta) is a special delicacy enjoyed by both the poor and the rich in our region. This study evaluated the pathogenic bacterial contamination in Roadside African salad and their effect in the gastro intestinal system of man. The study was conducted to note the percentage presence of these contaminants (staph. aureus, salmonella, shigella and Entaemoeba) in African salad juice and also the age group that these organisms infect most in females who enjoy this delicacy alot. 40 subjects were selected at age range (3-35yrs) and grouped in four(4) groups;

[1]. BAKER F.J, SILVERTON R.E (1985): Plate inoculation methods. Introduction methods. Introduction to medical lab technology pg 263-280.
[2]. BELLO C.S.S(1994): Enteric fever in Jos, Nigeria. Nig. Med. Practitioner 27 No 51995.
[3]. CREWE W.C (19".77). "Examination of faeces for protozoa". A guide to human parasitology for medical practitioners pg 177-181. Published by H.K Lewis and co LTD. 136 Gower street London.
[4]. DESSE G, TAYE M (2007). "Microbial load and microflora of cassava (Manihot esculentun crantz) and effect of cassava juice on some food borne pathogens. Debub University Awassa college of Agriculture. P.O BOX 5 Awassa Ethopia.
[5]. Food safety Network, 2005. www.foodsafetynetwork.com.
[6]. NWEKE F.I (1996). "Cassava processing in subsahara Africa. Implications for expanding cassava production.IITA Research International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
[7]. SAMUEL P.S, FASUYI O. C, NJOKU P. A (1989). "Digestion‟ A new tropical Health Science pg 425. Published by Macmillian Publishers ltd" London ISBN 0333449290.
[8]. UCHEONYE N (2012). How to prepare African salad or Abacha. The Eastern Citadel. http//zymolink.blogspot.com 2012.
[9]. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia (2012).

Abstract: Primary Kidney involvement in echinococcosis is extremely rare. We present a rare case of primary left renal hydatid with gross hydatiduria with history of short haematuria. We diagnosed the case from the typical clinical history of intermittent passage of small, white, balloon-like, grape-sized structures in the urine for the last one month. On radiological imaging, USG abdomen revealed multiseptate cyst in the left kidney; liver was normal. The CT scan revealed a cystic lesion in the left kidney. Left nephroureterectomy was done by flank extraperitoneal approach and diagnosis was confirmed post operatively by the gross appearance and microscopy. Keywords – Echinococcosis, Hydatiduria, Nephroureterectomy.

[1] Saxena S, Gupta R, Nigam DK, Tahiliani ND, Saxena KN. Hydatid cyst of kidney presenting as hydatiduria. J Assoc Physicians India. 1990;38:359-60.
[2] Unsal A, Cimentepe E, Dilmen G, Yenidunya S, Saglam R. An unusual cause of renal colic: Hydatiduria. Int J Urol 2001;8:319-21
[3] Pedrosa I, Saiz A, Arrazola L, Ferreiros J, Pedrosa CS. Hydatid disease: Radiologic and pathologic features and complications. Radiographics 2000;20:795-817.
[4] Volders WK, Gelin G, Stessens RC. Hydatid cyst of the kidney: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2001;21:S255-60
[5] Von Sinner WN, Hellstrom M, Kagevi I, Norlen BJ. Hydatid disease of the urinary tract. J Urology 1993;149:577-80.

Abstract: Ozone is a colourless gas derived from oxygen and is present in the atmosphere. It is one of the most important gas in the stratosphere formed as a result of combination of three oxygen atoms on exposure to ultra violet rays .It is a powerful oxidiser and has been routinely used in human medicine to kill bacteria, fungi and to inactivate viruses. The nascent oxygen released by the spontaneous breakdown of ozone combines with the water molecules to form hydroxyl group (OH) which is a more powerful oxidiser. It has been widely used in dentistry because of its antimicrobail property.Other properties are immune stimulating, analgesics, anti hypoxic, detoxicating, bio energetic and bio synthetic. Its role as an adjunct in periodontal therapy has been highlighted. However, the ozone toxicity and the susceptibility of individuals validate the need for studies focusing on the genetic aspect of the expression of the antioxidant genes in different ethnic groups.

Keywords: Ozone, Periodontitis, Nascent oxygen, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant gene.

[1] Grootveld, Baysan A, Siddiqui N,Sim J,Silwood C,Lynch E,editor,Ozone the revolution in dentistry,London, Quintessence Publishing Co,2004,23-30.
[2] Gupta G, Mansi B, Ozone therapy in periodontics,Journal of medicine and life,5,2012,59-67.
[3] Sameer M, Monica M,Ozone treating dental infections, Ind J Stomatol,2,2011,256-9.
[4] Garg R.Tandon S. Ozone A new face of dentistry, The internet journal of dental science,7,2009,2.

[5] Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN, Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere Theory, Experiments, and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, CA,2000.

[6] Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics from Air Pollution to Climate Change,John Wiley and Sons, New York,NY,1998.

[7] Online Link: Medozons http//:www.medozons.com.

[8] Online Link : www. armorzone.com

[9] Thonomsub B, Anupunpisit V, Chanphetch S, Watchrachaipong T, Poonkhum R, Srisukonth C. effects of ozone treatment on cell growth and ultrastructural changes in bacteria,J Gen Appl Microbiol,48,2002,193-9.

[10] Tsengc,J environment health- Inactivation of surface viruses by gaseous ozone Lic, jun,70(10),2008,56-62..

Abstract: Vanek's tumor is a rare benign inflammatory fibroid polyp like localized lesions originating in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Intussusceptions due to inflammatory fibroid polyps are uncommon; moreover, ileo-ileal Intussusception presenting as subacute small bowel obstruction has rarely been reported. We report a 49-year-old man who came with complaints of indigestion, flatulence, altered bowel habits with abdominal distension for the past 1½ year that aggravated since a week. Abdominal examination revealed distension, signs of intestinal obstruction.

[1]. Taranez A and David L Berger:Adult intussuception.Annals of surgery 1997,226(2):134-138
[2]. Vanek J: Gastric submucosal granuloma with eosinophilic infiltration. Am J Pathol 1949, 25(3):397-411.
[3]. Helwig EB, Ranier A: Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the stomach. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1953;96:335–367.
[4]. .Mohamud SO, Motorwala AS, Daniel AMR, Tworek JA, Shehab TM: Giant ileal inflammatory fibroid polyp causing small bowel obstruction: a case report and review of the literature. Cases J 2008; 1:341.
[5]. Schildhaus HU, Cavlar T, Binot E, Buttner R, Wardelmann E,Merkelbach-Bruse S: Inflammatory fibroid polyps harbour mutations in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene. J Pathol 2008, 216(2):176-182.
[6]. M A Rathore, S I H Andrabi, M Mansha : Adult intussusceptions – A Surgical dilemma.J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2006;18(3):
[7]. Acero D, Garijo G, Hombrados M, Figa M, Adrados M, Aldeguer X, Gonzalez-Huix F, Miro J, Bernado L: Gastrointestinal inflammatory fibroid polyps. Clinical characteristics and follow-up in a series of 26 patients. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 28(4):215-220.
[8]. Johnstone JM, Morson BC: Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gastrointestinal tract. Histopathology 1978, 2(5):349-361.

Abstract: Motherhood is ultimate and cherished desire of every woman. When she achieves it, she feels completeness in her life. A woman has to prepare mentally and physically ahsve jovial pregnancy and less complicated delivery. Today due to changing lifestyle Medical world is concerned about increasing rate of congenital imperfections in the new born which is posing confront to the aim of healthy humanity.

[1]. Agnivesha & Dridhabala, Charak Samhita – Khand 1 &Chaukhamba Sanskrit Prakashan.
[2]. Ambika Datta Shastri, Sushrut Samhita - Ayurved Tatwa sandeepika, Chaukhamba Sanskrit prakashan, 3rd edition (1974) commentary
[3]. Anant Damodar Athawale Ayurvediya, Astang Sangraha by Vruddha vagbhatta edited muudranalaya 1980.
[4]. Hemraja Sharma and Y.T. Acharya, Kashyap – Samhita - by Kasyapa edited Publication Nirnaga sagar press, Bombay.
[5]. Jeffcott's principle of gynaecology - Jeffcott Norman 2001
[6]. Textbook of Gynaecology - D.C.Dutta 3rd editon.

Abstract: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) has been an important cause of middle ear disease since prehistoric times[1].Despite the valuable contribution of antibiotics, (CSOM) remains a common disease and its complications challenge both otologists and radiologists[2,3]. Radiological evaluation of the temporal bone is difficult owing to complicated anatomical structure of the middle ear and inner ear.

[1]. Gregg JB, SteeleJP, Holzhueter A. Roentgenographic evaluation of temporal bones from South Dakota Indian burials. Am J Physical Anthropology. 1965; 23:51-62.
[2]. Mafee MF,Kumar A, Yannis DA, Valvassori GE, Applebaum EL. CT of the middle ear in the evaluation of cholesteatomas and other soft tissue masses: Comparison with Pluridirectional tomography. Radiology. 1983; 148:465-72.
[3]. Hughes GB. Cholesteatoma and the middle ear cleft: A review of pathogenesis. Am J Otol. 1979; 1:109-14.
[4]. Valvassori GE, Potter GD, Hanafee WN, Carter BL, Buckingham RA.Radiology of the ear, nose and throat. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1984 p. 222-8
[5]. Virapongse C, Rothman SG, Kier EL. Computed tomographic anatomy of the temporal bone. AJNR. 1982; 3:379-89.