iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Abstract: Objectives: To assess the attitude of dental postgraduate students and faculty members towards plagiarism in Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere.Materials and methods: A closed ended, standard questionnaire containing 29 statements on a 5 point Likert scale for each statement was used to collect data which measures three attitudinal factors (positive and negative attitude and subjective norms) towards plagiarism. The positive attitude towards plagiarism reflects approval and justification of such behaviour. Negative attitude towards plagiarism expresses condemnation and disapproval of plagiarism. Subjective norm expresses common thinking about the prevalence of plagiarism and the acceptance of such behaviour in the academic and scientific communities. Results: with respect to dental postgraduate students, the mean of the scores for the questions under : positive attitude was 36.5± 6.7,negative attitude was 22.53± 3.3, subjective norms was 29.31± 4.9. All these scores fall under moderate category. With respect to the faculty members mean of the scores of the questions under: positive attitude was 34.11± 7.7, negative attitude was 21.9± 3.5 and subjective norms was 27.28± 4.8.These values also fall under moderate category. Conclusions: The attitude of the postgraduate students and faculty member reflect insufficient level of seriousness and awareness with which plagiarism is perceived. Awareness about plagiarism should be improved among postgraduate students and faculty members.
Keywords: Plagiarism, dental postgraduate students, faculty members, scientific misconduct

[1]. Lynoe N., Jacobsson L., and Lundgren E. Fraud, misconduct or normal science in medical research - an empirical study of demarcation. J Med Ethics 1999;25:501-506.
[2]. http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/clinicalstandards/standards/misconduct_99.php accessed on 29-8-2011.
[3]. Douglas L. Preventing scientific misconduct. Am J Public Health 1998; 88(1): 125-129.
[4]. Mavrinac M., Brumini G., Bilić-Zulle L., Petrovečki M. Construction and Validation of Attitudes towards Plagiarism Questionnaire. Croat Med J. 2010; 51: 195-201.
[5]. Reddy S. Greetings from Davangere, Karnataka, India: searching versus researching. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2011; 29(1):1.
[6]. Pupovac V., Bilic-Zulle L., Mavrinac M., Petrovecki M. Attitudes toward plagiarism among pharmacy and medical biochemistry students – cross-sectional survey study. Biochemia Medica 2010;20(3):307-13.

Abstract: Incidence of meconium stained liquor is about 9.5% -25% of all deliveries. Incidence of placental and body staining is 5 - 10%. It probably indicates previous episode of intrauterine hypoxia or a state of compensated fetal distress. 5 - 12 % develop Meconium aspiration syndrome, a life threatening respiratory disorder which results from aspiration of meconium into the lungs and its perinatal morbidity and mortality ranges from 4 % - 40 %. prevention of meconium aspiration syndrome remains the major objective for obstetricians and neonatologists. Hence this study of amnioinfusion and its effect on maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in women with meconium stained liquor during labour was conducted. Objectives: To find out the efficacy of amnioinfusion in meconium stained liquor during labour . To study neonatal morbidity and mortality by assessing Apgar score at birth and NICU admission. Material And Methods : In this study 60 pregnant women in labour with meconium stained liquor were included .They underwent amnioinfusion and fetal outcome by apgar score at 1 min and 5 min , admission to NICU were taken into consideration and analysed. Results: In our study 76.5% had high risk factors like PIH ,IUGR , anaemia , 36% had fetal heart variations and 42.8% needed NICU admission. 60% of the cases were multigravida with bishop's score >6 . All had full term normal delivery. Other 40% were primigravidas of which 30% had LSCS and 10% had instrumental deliveries. Average birth weight was 3kg. 41% babies had 0-6 apgar score at 1 min and 59% had 7-10 apgar at 5 minutes. depressed babies were admitted in NICU. There was 5% perinatal mortality in our study. Conclusion: Amnioinfusion in active labour is associated with improvement in perinatal outcome most probably due to dilution in meconium and relief of oligohydramnios. There was a reduction in the rate of caeserean section for fetal distress and overall meconium aspiration syndrome and NICU admissions thereby reducing the perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Keywords: Amnioinfusion , Meconium aspiration syndrome , Caeserean section , perinatal outcome

[1]. Miller FC et al " significance of meconium during labour'' Am J Obstet Gynaecol ,1975 ,122 (5) : 573 – 579.
[2]. Leonard JL Obstet Gynae ,1962 ,20: 320.
[3]. Cunnigham FG et al , Intrapartum Assessment , William Obstetrics, 20th ed ,[ Stamford , Connecticut : Appleton and Lange , A Simon and Schuster company] , 1997 , 362 -368.
[4]. Wiswell TE , Fuloria Mamta , ' Management of meconium stained amniotic fluid ' , Clinics in perinatology , 26 ( 3) ,1999, 659 -665.
[5]. Bacsik RD , " Meconium aspiration syndrome " Pediatric clinics of N America , 24 (3) , 1997 :463-477.

Abstract: Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a congenital syndrome characterised mainly by abnormalities of two or more tissues of ectodermal origin namely skin, nails, hair and teeth. Two brothers of 14 years and 10 years of age respectively reported with chief complaint of multiple missing teeth. Thorough medical and dental examinations were performed and findings were in accordance with the typical features of Ectodermal Dysplasia. Pedigree analysis, dermatoglyphic analysis and skin biopsy were also performed. The elder brother was treated with a maxillary removable overdenture and a mandibular removable partial denture. In the younger brother aesthetic composite restoration was done in maxillary anteriors followed by placement of maxillary and mandibular removable partial dentures.
Key words: Ectodermal Dysplasia, Oligodontia, Prosthesis.

[1]. Suri S, Carmichael RP and Tompson BD. Simultaneous functional and fixed appliance therapy for growth modification and dental alignment prior to prosthetic habilitation in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. J. Prosthet Dent. 2004; 92: 428-433. [2]. Tarjan I, Gabris K, and Rozsa N. Early prosthetic treatment of patients with ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 419–424, 2005.
[3]. Wisniewski SA, Kobielak A, Trzeciak WH, Kobielak K. Recent advances in understanding of the molecular basis of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: discovery of a ligand, ectodysplasin A and its two receptors. Journal of Applied Genetics, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 97–107, 2002.
[4]. Kearns G, Sharma A, Perrott D, Schmidt B, Kaban L, Vargervik K. Placement of endosseous implants in children and adolescents with hereditary ectodermal dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999; 88:5-10. [5]. Hobkirk JA, Nohl F, Bergendal B, Storhaug K, Richter MK. The management of ectodermal dysplasia and severe hypodontia. International conference statements. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 634–637, 2006.

Abstract: Objective: This study is to ascertain the preferred choice of anaesthetic technique and their reasons, among pregnant women schedule for caesarean section during preoperative visit in Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe. Methodology: This was a three year prospective study [from June, 2010- May, 2013] of pregnant women scheduled for either elective or emergency caesarean section. During the preoperative visit, patients were counselled and consent obtained on either regional or general anaesthesia and their reasons for the choice documented. Results: A total of 1,350 women were interviewed during the three years period of the study.]The total of four hundred and sixty one patients (n=461, 34.1%) were scheduled for emergency caesarean section, while eight hundred and eighty nine patients (n=889, 65.9%) were scheduled for an elective caesarean sections. They were aged 17-40 years with the mean age of 27.84 +/-4.43 years. The parity ranged from 1-12. Majority of the patients 945 (70%) preferred regional anaesthesia, while 405 (30%) preferred general anaesthesia The common reasons for their preference to regional anaesthesia include early contact with their babies, fear of death from general anaesthesia, want to know what is going on in the theatre, general anaesthesia is more dangerous, patient being awake, reduced blood loss, cheaper and well tolerated however, others preferred general anaesthesia because of fears of the complications of regional anaesthesia e.g. backache, headache etc. Conclusion: We conclude that regional anaesthesia is the preferred technique of choice for most pregnant women undergoing caesarean sections in our centre. Detail preoperative review with emphases on counselling of the patients by the anaesthetists on the advantages of regional anaesthesia over the general anaesthesia will encourage the high preference of regional over general anaesthesia. We therefore, recommend that preoperative review should be encouraged in all hospitals and in all patients undergoing either emergency or elective caesarean sections.
Key words: Choice of anaesthesia, pregnant women, Caesarean sections.

[1]. Crawford-Sylkes A, Scarlet M, Hambleton K, Rottray C. Anaesthesia for operative deliveries at University hospital of the West indies: a change of practices. West Indian Med J 2005; 54: 187-91.
[2]. Adeleye JA. Maternal mortality and caesarean section at the UCH, Ibadan. Trop J ObstetGynecol 2005; 106: 281-7.
[3]. Afolabi BB, Lesi FE, Merch WA. Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database systematic Review 2006; 18: CD 004350.
[4]. Amata AO. Anaesthesia for caesarean section in some tertiary obstetrics units in Nigeria- A pilot study. Nigerian postgraduate medical journal 1998; 28: 2-5.
[5]. Fassouliki A, Petropoulos G, Staikous C, Sinfaka I, Sarantopoulos. General versus neuraxialanaesthesia for caesarean section: impact on the duration of hospital stay. Journal of obstetrics and Gynaecology 2009; 29: 25-30.

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study is to assess the pattern of computer and internet use among the undergraduate medical students of S.V.Medical College, Tirupati. Methods: 180 first year medical students participated in the study. A questionnaire was designed to know their level of computer and internet usage skills. Results: Maximum number of students was aged 18 with 60% females. Among the users, 88.3% have own computer at home and majority are using it for entertainment. 68.89% have average computer skill and majority use internet daily or every alternate day. Majority (78.89%) is satisfied with computer assisted teaching and many would like to have short training courses for acquiring computer knowledge in their institution. Conclusion: The study shows that majority of medical students had experience with computer and internet, but the frequency, pattern and purpose of use is variable. More facilities should be available to the students regarding computer and internet for better utilization of internet resources.
Keywords: computer, internet, medical students, knowledge

[1] Fadeyi A, Desalu OO, Ameen A,Muhammed Adeboye AN. The reported preparedness and disposition by students in a Nigerian university towards the use of information technology for medical education. Annals of African Medicine Vol.9, No.3; 2010:129-34.
[2] Unnikrishnan B, Kulshrestha V, Saraf A, Agrahari AC, Prakash S, Samantaray L, Parida A. Pattern of computer and internet use among medical students in Coastal South India. South East Asian Journal of Medical Education,Vol. 2 no. 2,2008.
[3] Nasrin Sultana Chowdhury, Nurun Nahar Chowdhury, Ferdous Rabbi, Rehnuma Tabassum, Sonia Ishrat. Computer Literacy and Attitudes Towards e-learning among Bangladeshi Medical Students. Updat Dent. Coll. J 2013; 3(1): 3-6.
[4] Uzunboylu, H., & Tunkey, N. (2010) Divergence of Digital World of Teachers. Educational Technology & Society, 13(1), 186-194.
[5] Edeger TT: Disseminating health information in developing countries: the role of the internet. BMJ 2000, 321:797-800.

Abstract: Rhinoliths rare nasal masses and related with the presence of foreign bodies .If undetected for a long time ,they may grow large enough to cause symptoms of nasal obstruction ,mimicking sinusitis . A case of a 35 year old woman having a 6 years old history of nasal obstruction ,which was clinically and radiologically to be rhinolith featuring the presence of granulation tissue, is being reported.The mass was bulky and displaced posterioly into the nasopharynx and removed trans-orally with simultaneous resection of granulation tissue and application of 10% tricyclic acetic acid.
Key words: Rhinolithiasis ,nasal obstruction ,granulation tissue ,tricyclic acetic acid

[1]. Varley EWB(1964) Rhnolith:an incidental finding.Br J Oral Surg 2: 40-43.
[2]. Davis O, Wolff A (1985) Rhinolithiasis and maxillary antrolithiasis. Ear ,Nose and Throat J 64:421-426.
[3]. Carder HM, Hiel JJ (1966) Asymptomatic rhinolith: a brief review of the literature and case report. Laryngoscope 76:524-530.
[4]. Flood TR(1988) Rhinolith: an unusual cause of palatal perforation. Br J Oral maxillofacial Surg 26:486-490.
[5]. Appleton SS. Kimbrough RE, Engstrom HIM (1988) Rhinolithiasis : a review. Oral Surg 65:693-698

Abstract: Eagle's syndrome is a condition in which an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament causes occasional pain in theneck, a feeling of a foreign body (in the pharynx) or some other form of retromandibular-cervical pain. In adults the styloid process is approximately 25 mm long with a tip which is located between the external and internal carotid arteries, lateral to the pharyngeal wall and the tonsillar fossa. Ossification of the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligament causes prolongation of the styloid process and clinical symptoms. Radiographic finding may show several possible variations: elongated, pseudoarticulated and segmented styloid process, and according to the calcification: peripheral, partial, complete or nodular type calcification. Treatment is primarily surgical.The physician's knowledge of possible clinical variations and diversesymptomatology is important.
Key words: Elongated styloid process, Eagle's syndrome, tonsillar fossa, stylo- hyoid ligament, stylomandibular ligament.

[1]. Williams PL. Gray's Anatomy. 38th Ed., London, ELBS with Churchill Livingstone. 1999; 592.
[2]. Sokler K, Sandev S. New classification of the styloid process length--clinical application on the biological base. Coll Anthropol. 2001; 25: 627–632.
[3]. Kim E, Hansen K, Frizzi J. Eagle syndrome: case report and review of literature. Ear Nose Throat J. 2008; 87: 631–633.
[4]. Rodriguez-Vazquez JF, Merida-Velasco JR, Verdugo-Lopez S, Sanchez-Montesinos I, Merida-Velasco JA. Morphogenesis of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) in human embryos. J Anat. 2006; 208: 179–189.
[5]. Restrepo S, Palacios E, Rojas R. Eagle's syndrome - Imaging Clinic. Ear Nose Throat J. Oct 2002.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the efficiency and effectiveness of Active laceback ligatures with that of Mulligan bypass arch for the amount of retraction, tipping and rotation. Materials and Methods: 20 patients were selected for the study who required upper 1st premolar extraction for decrowding. All patients were treated with 3M Gemini - MBT 0.022" metal brackets. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 10 patientsin each group. Group 1 was treated with active laceback ligature and group 2 with Mulligan bypass arch. Changes were measured on the cast with a digital vernier caliper. Student 't'test was used to determine the mean differences between the two groups for the amount of retraction, tipping and rotation. Results: Significant distal movement of Canine occurred in both the groups. Movement of canine was more in group 2 but distal tipping of canine and distopalatal rotation of the molar was more in group 1. These differences were mainly attributed to the arch wire material and type of force. Conclusion: Mulligan bypass arch group provided a more controlled and faster tooth movement when compared to active laceback ligature.
Keywords: Active Laceback ligature,Individual Canine retraction.,Mulligan bypass arch.

[1]. Sureri MY, Turk T. Effectiveness of laceback ligatures on maxillary canine retraction. Angle Orthod. 2006; 76(6): 1010-1014.
[2]. Awni KM. Comparison Between Laceback and Tieback in Sliding Mechanics (an in vitro study). Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2012; 12(1): 148-152.
[3]. Moresca RC,Vigorito JW, Dominguez GC, Tortamano A,Moraes DR, Moro A, Correr GM. Effects of Active and Passive Lacebacks on Antero-Posterior Position of Maxillary First Molars and Central Incisors. Braz Dent J. 2012; 23(4): 433-437.
[4]. Mulligan TS, Common Sense Mechanics, J clinical ortho,1980;14(12):855-86.
[5]. Irvine R, Power S, McDonald F. The effectiveness of laceback ligatures: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Orthod. 2004 Dec;31(4):303-11.

Abstract: Dental traumatic injuries may lead to several clinical complications. One of them is the pulp canal obliteration, which presents itself as an uncontrolled hard tissue deposition along the pulp chamber and root canal walls. Over time, it may partially or completely obliterate the pulp canal space. In an effort to treat a tooth in that condition, the endodontist faces a great challenge that might end up in an accident such as root perforation. This article aims to make a brief review on the causes, mode of development and management of calcified canals.

[1]. Selden S. The role of dental operating microscope in improved nonsurgical treatment of "calcified" canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 68:93-8, 1989
[2]. (Ngeow WC & Thong YL. 1998. Gaining access through a calcified pulp chamber: a clinical challenge. IntEndod J, 31: 367–71.)
[3]. The Editorial Board of the Journal of Endodontics. 2008. Traumatic injuries: an online study guide. J Endod, May; 5S.
[4]. Schindler WG &Gullickson DC. 1988. Rationale for the management of calcific metamorphosis secondary to traumatic injuries. J Endod, Aug; 14(8):408–12.
[5]. Patterson SS & Mitchell DR. 1965. Calcific metamorphosis of the dental pulp. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 20: 94–101.

Abstract: Aim Of Study: To evaluate the microleakge of self – etch adhesive system at the coronal (enamel) and apical (dentin) margins of class V resin composite restoration. Methods: Forty eight Class V cavities are prepared [3.0mm X 3.0mm X 1.5 mm (depth)] on the facial or lingual surface of the non carious tooth with coronal margins in enamel and apical margins in cementum / dentin at the cemento- enamel junction. The preparation will be restored using self – etch adhesive systems (Xeno V, G- Bond, & clearfil S3 Bond) and a control (no adhesive), followed by insertion of FiltekTM P60 resin composite. The teeth were subjected to thermocycled and immersed in 1% aqueous solution of methylene blue dye for 24 hours. Later sectioned for assessment of microleakage under microscope. Results: The restored teeth with Xeno V exhibited significantly less leakage than the other adhesive groups in coronal margin, and other group's shows intermediate leakage. The restored teeth treated with clearfil S3 exhibited significantly less leakage than other groups in apical margin, and other group's shows intermediate leakage. The control group shows more leakage in both the coronal and apical margins.Interpretation & Conclusion: Under the conditions of this in vitro study: 1) At the coronal margin, the preparations treated with Xeno V showed significantly less leakage than the other groups. 2) At the apical margin, the preparations treated with Clearfil S3 Bond revealed significantly less leakage than the other groups. 3) At the coronal and apical margin locations, the control group, comprising preparations without treatment using any adhesive system, showed significantly greater leakage than the adhesive groups. 4) Comparing all coronal versus apical surfaces, no significant differences were encountered.
Keywords: Marginal permeability, Xeno V, G-Bond, Clearfil S3 bond, Binocular microscope

[1]. Owens BM, jonson WW. Effect of single step adhesives on the marginal permeability of class – V resin composites. Oper dent 2007; 31(2):67-72.
[2]. Perdigao J, Geraldeli S & Hodges JS. Total-etch versus self-etch adhesives: effect on post operative sensitivity.Jounal of American dental association 2003; 134(12): 1621-1629.
[3]. Munck JD,van landyut K, peuman SM, Poitevin A, Lanbrechts P, Braem M, van meerbeck. A critical review of the durability of adhesive to tooth tissue: Methods & Results. J dent res 2005; 84(5); 118-132.
[4]. K L Van Landuyt, J De Munck, J Snauwaert, E Coutinho, A Poitevin, Y Yoshida, S Inoue, M Peumans, and Vn Meerbeek. Monomer – solvent phase separation in One- step self-etch adhesives. J dent res 2005; 84(2): 183-188.
[5]. Herald O heyman, Stephen c Bayne. Current concepts in dentin bonding. Jou of American association 1993; 124:27-36.

Abstract: Hypercholesterolemia was known to cause cardiovascular and brain damaging effects; however cholesterol is less known for affecting cerebellar and microvasculature pathology. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a naturally occurring potent antioxidant. The aim of this research is to study histological and biochemical alterations occuring in the structure of cerebellum after feeding high cholesterol diet and the possible protective role of CoQ10. Forty male adult albino rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I, control received a low-cholesterol diet. Group II received normal laboratory diet and CoQ10, Group III fed on 5% cholesterol diet. Group IV fed on 5% cholesterol diet and CoQ10 orally. After 4 months the body weight of all rats was measured and lipid profile was assessed. Rats' cerebelli were removed, cortices were dissected and divided into three parts for histological, tau and GFAB immunohistochemical study and for assessment of endogenous oxidative and antioxidant markers. In cerebellar cortex from rats fed on high cholesterol diet, Purkinje cell number showed significant decrease compared to control group. They had many multi-lysosomes, cytoplasmic vacuoles, dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and most of their nuclei were variable in shape, muddy or appoptotic, while few were euchromatic. In group IV, cerebellar cortex nearly regained the normal architecture but few granular cells still had pyknotic nuclei and few purkinje cells still had positive Tau immune reaction. High cholesterol diet has a deleterious effect on histological and biochemical structure of the cerebellum. Coenzyme-Q10 ameliorates these effects.
Keywords: high cholesterol diet, cerebellum, oxidative stress, Coenzyme Q10.

[1]. Ghez C, Fahn S (1985) The cerebellum, in Principles of Neural Science, 2nd edition, edited by Kandel ER, Schwartz JH. New York, Elsevier, pp 502–522
[2]. Ito M. (2008) Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum. Nat Rev Neurosci;9:304–313.
[3]. Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF. (2007) Role of Lipids in Brain Injury and Diseases. Future Lipidol. Aug;2(4):403-422. [4]. Rubinstein J, Pelosi A, Vedre A, Pavan Kotaru P and George S Abela(2009) Hypercholesterolemia and Myocardial function evaluated via Tissue Doppler Imaging. Cardiovascular Ultrasound, 7:56.
[5]. Kirsch C, Eckert GP, Koudinov AR, Müller WE. (2003) Brain cholesterol, statins and Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmacopsychiatry. Sep;36 Suppl 2:S113-119.

Abstract: Objective: To study the maternal and neonatal outcome in multifetal gestation in a tertiary care centre. Method: A retrospective observational analysis of 100 twin pregnancies admitted and managed at our centre was done. Patients were studied for any adverse antenatal complications, mode of delivery and pregnancy outcome both maternal and perinatal.Results: Most of patients with twin pregnancy (34%) were primigravidas. 70% patients were admitted between the pregnancies of 28 – 36 weeks duration with preterm labor (68%) as the commonest indication for admission to hospital. Anemia (63%), gestational hypertension (28%), premature rupture of membranes (24%), Intra-Uterine Death of one fetus (12%) and intra uterine growth retardation (10%) were the antenatal complications observed. Out of the 100 patients 40 (40%) delivered by vaginal route whereas 60 (60%) had to undergo cesarean section. Malpresentation was the commonest indication (50%) for cesarean section. The 100 women of twin pregnancy gave birth to 188 live-born babies, 12 stillborn (intrauterine death of one fetus) and 28 (14.8%) died by the end of one week due to complications related to prematurity: hyaline membrane disease, hyperbilirubinemia.Conclusion: The risks of pregnancy related complications in twin gestation are definitely more than a singleton pregnancy. Early detection and proper management of twin pregnancies can reduce the complication rates thereby improving maternal and neonatal outcome.
Key words: Twin pregnancy, maternal morbidity and mortality, neonatal morbidity and mortality

[1]. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Special problems of multiple gestation. Education bulletin No. 253, 1998.
[2]. Multiple Pregnancy: The Management of Twin and Triplet Pregnancies in the Antenatal Period. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 129. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). London: RCOG Press; 2011 Sep.
[3]. Conde-Agudelo A, Belizan JM, Lindmark 0. Maternal morbidity and mortality associated with multiple gestations. Obstet. Gynecol., 2000; 95:899904.
[4]. Malik MS, Rashid U. Complications of Twin gestation. Biomedica 1998; 14: 22 – 26.
[5]. Senat MV, Ancel PY, Bouvier – Colle et al. how does multiple gestation affect maternal morbidity and mortality? Clinical obs gyne 1998; 41 : 79 – 83.

Abstract: Objective: To study the role of antioxidants, calcium and exercises in menopausal women. Method: In this pilot study fifty postmenopausal women were selected and they supplemented with antioxidents, calcium and adviced weight bearing exercises for three months. Thier menopausal symptoms,lipid profiles and BMD were assessed. Results: Antioxidants, calcium and exercises reduced stress, elevate mood and enhance energy. Exercise and calcium supplementation have synergestic effect on bone denisty Conclusion: Adequate supplementation of antioxidants, calcium along with exercises there is improvement in lipid profile, alleviation of menopausal symptoms and impruvment in bone health.
Key words: Menopausal symptoms, BMD, Antioxidants

[1]. Prince RL, Counterpoint: estrogen effects on calcitropic hormones and calcium homeostasis. Endocr Rev 1994;15:301-9.
[2]. Prince R, Devine A, Dick I Criddle A, Kerr D, Kent N,et al. The effects of calcium sopplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women. J BONE Miner Res 1995;10:835-42.
[3]. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Griffith L, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2002; 23:552-9.
[4]. Prince RL, DevineA, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:869-75
[5]. McSorley PT, Young IS, Bell PM, Fee JP, McCance DR. Vitamin C improves endothelial function in healthy estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Climacteric.2003;6(3):238-47.

Abstract: Introductio Increased incidence of fungal infection has been reported globally in the recent years. This has been attributed to increased aging population and longer survival of immune-compromised people. But granulomatous affection of bone is a rare and unusual presentation. Osteoarticular involvement may occur either by contiguous spread through a cutaneous focus, through direct inoculation of tissue by the organism, or by hematogenous dissemination. Case report: This paper reports one of the very few known occurrence of a primary fungal granuloma in one of the long bones in a healthy individual with no evidence of any other primary fungal infection. Also we have discussed the treatment of this rare affection of bone. Conclusion: Diagnosis of fungal infections requires a high index of suspicion. The text also emphasizes the importance of including endemic fungal infections in the differential diagnosis of bone lesions.
Keywords: Fungal infections; immune-competent host; long bone; granuloma

[1]. Cohen M, Bonfiglio, Campbell C J. Orthopedic pathophysiology in diagnosis and treatment. New York, N.Y: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. Inflammation and infection; pp. 19–52.
[2]. Casscells S W. Aspergillus osteomyelitis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg. 1978;60:994–995.
[3]. De Vuyst D, Surmont I, Verhaegen J, Vanhaecke J. Tibial osteomyelitis due to Aspergillus flavus in heart transplant patient. Infection. 1992;20:48–49.
[4]. De Hoog G S, Guarro J, editors. Atlas of clinical fungi. Baarn, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Shimmelcultures/Universitat Rovira I Virgili; 1995.
[5]. Lucas morretti et al radiological findings of osteoarticular infection in paracoccidiomycosis. Skeletal .Radiol .2011; 18 may

Abstract: Most of the head and neck tumors are odontogenic in origin. Non odontogenic tumors of epithelial or mesenchymal origin also form a significant component in this region. The tumors arising from mesenchymal component may originate from various structures like fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, bone and cartilage. Here we report a case of benign tumor originating from bone that is restricted to the craniofacial skeleton.
Key words: Tumors, Benign Bone tumor, Craniofacial skeleton.

[1]. Shafer, Hine, Levy. Shafers text book of Oral Pathology. 5th edn benign and malignant tumors of oral cavity pg 212-15
[2]. Anna Reis Duido et al Osteoma of the Zygomatic arch and mandible; report of two cases. Rev Port estimated Med Dent Cis Maxillofac 2012;53(2):103-7
[3]. Alejendro Donohue, Cornejo et al. Active giant peripheral osteoma of the mandible, presentation of one case with follow up to 6yrs. J Clin Exp Dent 2010;294):e212-4
[4]. Mayur chaudhary, Meena Kulkarni. Osteoid osteoma of mandible. JOMFP 2007; 11(2): 52-55
[5]. Etienne Romanelli Jerra et al. Peripheral osteoma of the mandible: clinical case. Braz J Oral Sci April/June 2005;4(13/

Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is an aging-associated rheumatic disease characterized by reduced number of chondrocytes, loss of existing cartilage extracellular matrix, the production of matrix with abnormal composition and pathologic matrix calcification. Recent studies have reported mitochondrial dysfunction played an important role in human OA chondrocytes. Although several lines of evidence support the role for declines in enzyme activity in the etiology of OA, it remains unclear if the expressions of enzymes alter with OA. Here, we determined to quantify the expression of several enzymes in ETC and cytoplasm of mitochondrial in healthy and OA cartilage. These findings suggest that the decreased expression of enzymes in mitochondrial may contribute to OA.
Keywords: osteoarthritis, cartilage, mitochondrion, enzymes

[1]. Lotz M: Osteoarthritis year 2011 in review: biology. Osteoarthritis and cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society 20: 192-196, 2012.
[2]. Loeser RF: Aging and osteoarthritis. Current opinion in rheumatology 23: 492-496, 2011.
[3]. Vaamonde-Garcia C, Riveiro-Naveira RR, Valcarcel-Ares MN, Hermida-Carballo L, Blanco FJ and Lopez-Armada MJ: Mitochondrial dysfunction increases inflammatory responsiveness to cytokines in normal human chondrocytes. Arthritis and rheumatism 64: 2927-2936, 2012.
[4]. Loeser RF: Aging and osteoarthritis: the role of chondrocyte senescence and aging changes in the cartilage matrix. Osteoarthritis and cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society 17: 971-979, 2009.
[5]. Desler C, Hansen TL, Frederiksen JB, Marcker ML, Singh KK and Juel Rasmussen L: Is There a Link between Mitochondrial Reserve Respiratory Capacity and Aging? Journal of aging research 2012: 192503, 2012.

Abstract: Atlas first cervical vertebra having no spine and body differs from other vertebra. Contains two archs anterior and posterior. Posterior arch contains groove for vertebral artery. During routine osteology classes for undergraduate medical students, we observed presence of bilateral posterior and lateral ponticles which are forming canal for vertebral artery on behind and lateral to lateral mass of atlas. Present case report is very rare anomaly which may lead to stenosis of vertebral artery and may be useful for orthopaedics during surgical manipulation of cervical spine.
Keywords: Arcuate foramina, atlas vertebra, ponticuli, posterior arch

[1]. R.Shane Tubbs: Simultaneous lateal and posterior ponticles resulting in the formation of vertebral artery tunnel of the atlas: case report and review of the literature: folia neuropathologica; 45(1):43-46.2007.
[2]. Rekha B S: Study of ponticuli in human atlas vertebrae: journal of evolution of medical and dental sciences vol.2 : issue 45, pp.8849-8855.2013
[3]. Roy W.Sweat: The ponticulus posticus; September/October 1987: 95-97.
[4]. Cushing K E: Tethering of vertebral artery in the congenital arcuate foramen of the atlas vertebra: possible cause of vertebral artery dissection in children. Dev Med child neurol 2001; 43:491-496.
[5]. Taitz c, Nathan H.Some observations on the posterior and lateal bridge of the atlas. Acta Anat (Basel) 1986; 127:212-217.

Abstract: Background: Tranexamic acid is antifibrinolytic drug which has the property to reduce intraoperative and postoperative bleeding. There are several studies supporting the use of tranexamic acid in total knee joint replacements and few in total hip replacements. This study was intended to establish the effects of tranexamic acid in minimizing the intra operative and post operative blood loss in total knee arthroplasty. Material and methods: This was a prospective follow up study conducted in Father Muller Medical College , Mangalore over period of 4 months from August 2013 to November 2013. A total number of 30 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty were included for this study. The patients were grouped as treatment and control group. The treatment group and control group were selected by purposive sampling. In the treatment group, the patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty received single dose of intravenous tranexamic acid 10mg/kg body weight 5 minutes before skin incision and equal volume of saline was injected in the control group. Intra operative blood loss was calculated by galvanometric method20, weighing the sponges used and soiled by blood during surgery and measuring the amount of blood collected in suction apparatus used during the surgery. The haemoglobin level assessed post operatively and compared with preoperative haemoglobin level. The amount of fluid collected in the post-operative drain were also measured. All the collected data are analyzed with Fisher exact test. Conclusion:Tranexamic acid administrated before surgical incision is efficient in reducing bleeding during common surgeries around the hip joint. Especially surgery where more amount of blood loss was expected, like total joint replacement and hemiarthroplasty, the drug had shown significant benefit compared with the control group.
Key words: Tranexamic acid, Blood loss, Haemoglobin level

[1]. Feagan Bg, wong CJ, et al.transfusion practices for elective orthopaedic surgery CMAJ 2002;166(3):310
[2]. Ecker ML, Lotke PA(1993) Wound healing complications. In rand JA (ed) total knee arthroplasty.reven New York.
[3]. VamvakasEC, Blajchman MA.transfusion-related immunomodulation(TRIM);an update.Blood rev 2007;21:327-48.
[4]. flohe S Kobbe p et al.Immunological reactions seconday to blood transfusion.Injury 2007;38:1405-8
[5]. Seyyed Morteza Kazemi, MD; et.al: The effect of TA on reducing blood loss in cementless total hip arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia. 2010;33(1):17.

Abstract: A graft is a non-living material or living tissue used for implantation or transplantation to replace a diseased part or compensate for a defect. We repaired a case with an oronasal fistula using split thickness palatal graft on oral side. A 55-year-old man presented an oronasal fistula of the hard palate, measuring 1.0 x 1.2 cm. The fistula was 2 cm posterior to the incisive foramen. The scar tissue around the fistula was unhealthy. A laterally based oral mucosal flap, 2.0 x 1.5 cm, was designed, raised, and transposed to the defect. The secondary defect was covered with palatal plate. The oral mucosal flap was viable, and no sign of recurrence of fistula was noted until one month postoperative. This method can be an alternative in repair of the oronasal defect when any local tissue for repair is not available or insufficient.

Key Words: Oro Nasal Fistula, Palatal Graft

[1]. Punwutikorn J, Waikakul A, Pairuchvej V. Clinically significant oroantral communications--a study of incidence and site. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994; 23:19–21.

[2]. Hanazawa Y, Itoh K, Mabashi T, Sato K. Closure of oroantral communications using a pedicled buccal fat pad graft. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995; 53:771–6.

[3]. Martensson G. Operative method in fistulas to the maxillary sinus. Acta Otolaryngol. 1957; 48:253–4.

[4]. Kraut RA, Smith RV. Team approach for closure of oroantral and oronasal fistule. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2000;8: 55–75.

[5]. Ehrl PA. Oroantral communication: Epicritical study of 175 patients, with special concern to secondary operative closure. Int J Oral Surg. 1980;9: 351–8.

Abstract: Head and neck cancers are sixth most common cancers worldwide with cancers of oral cavity and pharynx being most common. In centers lacking adequate plastic surgeons and high patient load , locoregional flaps offer an easy and less time consuming alternative for post ablative surgery reconstruction in head and neck. The objectives of our study were to give a precise description of our experience with surgical based therapy of oral cancer during the study period,to evaluate the use of various locoregional flaps in the reconstruction of post ablation oral defects and the complications associated with it.20 patients of oral carcinoma were included who underwent excision of tumors with neck dissections and reconstruction with one or multiple locoregional flaps.
Keywords: flap complications ,locoregional , neck dissection, oral defects ,reconstruction

[1] GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012 http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx

[2] Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani Pet al. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55: 74-108

[3] Funk GF, Karnell LH, Robinson RA, Zhen WK, Trask DK, Hoffman HT, . Presentation, treatment, and outcome of oral cavity cancer: a National Cancer Data Base report. Head Neck. 2002 Feb;24(2):165-80
[4] Satoshi Yokoo, Takahide Komori, Syungo Furudoi, Masahiro Umeda,Tadashi Nomura, Kazunobu Hashikawa, Akihiro Ichinose and Shinya Tahara, Three-dimensional reconstruction after oral oncologicsurgery using single free radial forearm flaps or free rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps Journal of Oral Science, 2004, Vol. 46( 1): 65-70

[5] Issing PR, Kempf HG, Heppt W, Schönermark M, Lenarz T, [Reconstructive surgery in the head-neck area with regional and free tissue transfer]. Laryngorhinootologie. 1996 Aug;75(8):476-82.

Abstract: AIM: To compare the efficacy of fine – needle non – aspiration cytology (FNNAC) with that of fine – needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid lesions. Materials and Methods: FNAC and FNNAC techniques were studied in 88 cases of thyroid lesions. All the needle – sampling procedures were done by a single operator. The samples were assessed cytologically and evaluated using five parameters, that is, background blood or clot, amount of cellular material, degree of cellular degeneration, and degree of cellular trauma and retention of appropriate architecture. Statistical Analysis: Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed using SPSS 14 software. Differences between all the individual parameters as observed in FNAC and FNNAC smears were insignificant. Results and Conclusion: After evaluation of FNAC and FNNAC on the basis of these scores, greater numbers of diagnostically superior samples were obtained by FNNAC; however, by FNAC more number of diagnostically adequate smears were observed. The numbers of unsuitable smears were also more by FNNAC technique.
Key words: Thyroid lesion; FNAC; FNNAC.

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[4]. Santos JEC, Leiman G. Non aspiration fine needle cytology : Application of a new technique to nodular thyroid diseases. ActaCytol; 1988:32:353 – 56.

[5]. Papanicolaou GN, Traut HF. Diagnosis of uterine cancer by the vagina smear. The commonwealth Fund, New York, 1943.

Abstract: Ethics is a generic term referring to the moral code of conduct in a civil society and the rules, customs and beliefs of that society. It is generally agreed that 'morality' is all about what is right and wrong based on socially approved norms of human conduct. From childhood, we learn moral rules along with other social rules. Later in life, we are able to distinguish between general social rules held by all members of society, and specific social rules or ethical guidelines binding the members of special groups such as a health care profession.1 Healthcare ethics deals with how providers apply a moral code of conduct to patients in a healthcare setting, taking into account the patients' self respect, individuality, safety and welfare.2Clinical ethics refers to the ethics of activity in the clinical setting, which if practiced, will lead to more ethical care.. For clinical personnel to practice clinical ethics, their clinical expertise and subject training need to be honed by appropriate clinical ethics training.3 Therefore they are expected to know ethical principles and apply them in their practice.4 There are reports of unethical behavioralpatterns of medical students and medical and dental practitioners with patients as well as colleagues.Reports have stressed the need to incorporate ethical and legal issues into their curricula.5 Further it has been observed that health training in India provides little guidance for these professionals to resolve the ethical dilemmas they encounter. With this background the present study is an attempt to elucidate the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding ethics and law amongst medical and dental professionals in Rajasthan.
Aim- To compare Knowledge, attitude & practice regarding Ethics & Law among medical and dental professionals of Jaipur city.

[1]. Reading material for on-line post graduate diploma course in bio ethics under ICMR and IGNOU joint initiative,2011.
[2]. Agich GJ. What kind of doing is clinical ethics? Theor Med Bioeth.2005;26(1):7-24.
[3]. Aarons DE. Issues in bioethics to healthcare professionals. West Indian Med J.2002. Jun ;51(2);59-63.
[4]. HowittM.Medicalethics.Barbados Association of Medical Practitioners Bulletin.2002;152-5.
[5]. Roff S, PreeceP.Helping medical students to find their moral compasses: Ethics teaching for second and third year undergraduates.J Med Ethics.2004 Oct;30(5):487-9.