iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2014

Abstract: Aim: The aim of this studywas to measure the Vitamin-C levels in chronic kidney disease patients. Chronic renal failure is a clinical syndrome resulting in the progressive loss of renal function. The symptoms of chronic renal failure result not only from simple excretory failure but also from the onset of regulating failure, the kidney's failure to regulate certain substances, such as sodium & water. According to National Kidney Foundation- Kidney Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-KDOQI) guidelines CRF is classified into 5 stages. An increased oxidative stress and inflammation are both common features of end stage renal disease.
Methods: Here, we determined the vitamin-C levels in patients with chronic kidney disease and the antioxidant status of vitamin-C in these patients.
Results: The mean plasma Vitamin – C concentration has found to be decreased in CKD patients when compared with the controls.
Conclusion: Vitamin C improves endothelial function in the resistance vasculature of patients with chronic renal failure, and this effect was abolished by an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis.There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of vitamin C (ascorbate) in the management of patients with CKD.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, Vitamin-C, Chronic renal failure (CRF).

[1]. Clinical chemistry (Theory, Analysis, Correlation) by Lawrence A Kaplan et.al , 4th Edition, Page:486.
[2]. Harrison's Internal Medicine. Vol.2, 17th Edition, Page:1762.
[3]. Tietz text book of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnosis. 4th Edition, Page:1694
[4]. Francesco Localelliet.al., Oxidative stress in end stage renal disease: an emerging threat to patient outcome.,NDT: 2003 Jul.;18(7):1272-80.
[5]. Nobuyuki Tkahashiet.al.,Decreased plasma levels of Vitamin- C in Chronic Kidney Disease: comparison between diabetic & non diabetic patients. NDT:2010 Sept-3
[6]. Debra Blair et.al.Vitamin- C supplementation & chronic kidney disease., Renal nutrition update, June-15, 2009.
[7]. Sies H (1997)."Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants". ExpPhysiol 82 (2): 291–5.

Abstract: Tuberculosis is an important cause of morbidity in the Indian society particularly among the low socioeconomic population and among the immunocompromised. Unlike pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis is less common and difficult to diagnose. We report a case series of primary extrapulmonary tuberculosis affecting rare sites of the body where tuberculosis is usually not demonstrated. Tuberculosis should be always considered as an important suspect in the etiology and differential diagnosis of any organic lesion.
Key Words: Extra pulmonary Tuberculosis, Rare Sites, Developing country

[1]. Fanning A.Tuberculosis: 6 Extrapulmonary disease.CMAJ 1999;160: 1597-1603.(PMC free article)(PubMed)
[2]. Corton RS, Kumar V. Robbins S.L. In Robbins Pathological basis of the disease 5th Edition 1994. W.B.Saunders company U.S.pp326 and 82.
[3]. Orlandi F, Fiorini S, Gonzatto I, Saggiorato E, Pivano G, Angeli A, Pasquali R. Tubercular involvement of the thyroid gland: a report of two cases. Horm Res 1999; 52(6): 291-299
[4]. E Razmpa,H Sharifian,M Sadaghi, Hasanabadi, A Ilami and S.H. Shahinfar. Clinical and paraclinical aspects of thyroid tuberculosis. Acta Medica Iranica;2007: 45(5): 389-394
[5]. Shahid Mahmood, Syed Raiazul Hasan, Muhammad Sikandar Aslam. Primary tuberculosis of thyroid gland.Rawal Med J 2013;38: 84-85.
[6]. El Kohen A, Essakali L, Amarti A, Benchekroun L, Jazouli N, Kzadri M. Thyroid tuberculosis associated with microcarcinoma of the thyroid gland: a case report .Rev Laryngol otol Rhinol(Berd) 2001;122(3): 205-8.

Abstract: Digital ischemic loss is a cause of significant morbidity in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Both the small and large digital arteries are involved causing perfusion defects leading to ischemia. Microvascular disease causes intimal proliferation and luminal narrowing of small digital arteries, macrovascular disease causes narrowing or occlusion of larger digital arteries. Immediate clinical evaluation and treatment are mandatory at the onset of critical digital ischemia to prevent digital loss. We present a case of 38 year old female suffering from systemic sclerosis who presented with acute onset severe digital ischemia of all four limbs.

Key words: systemic sclerosis, ischemia, micro vascular, macrovascular

[1]. H. Chifflot, B. Fautrel, C. Sordet, E. Chatelus, and J. Sibilia, "Incidence and prevalence of systemic sclerosis: a systematic literature review," Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 223–235, 2008.

[2]. F. M. Wigley, R. A. Wise, R. Miller, B. W. Needleman, and R. J. Spence, "Anti-centromere antibody as a predictor of digital ischemic loss in patients with systemic sclerosis," Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 688–693, 1992.

[3]. S. Hider, M. Lunt, and A. L. Herrick, "Amputations in systemic sclerosis: the influence of disease subtype, anti-centromere antibody and smoking status," Rheumatology, vol. 40, supplement 1, 2001.

[4]. S. I. Nihtyanova, G. M. Brough, C. M. Black, and C. P. Denton, "Clinical burden of digital vasculopathy in limited and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis," Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 120–123, 2008.

[5]. A. L. Herrick, M. Heaney, S. Hollis, and M. I. V. Jayson, "Anti-cardiolipin, anti-centromere and anti-Scl-70 antibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis and severe digital ischaemia," Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 540–542, 1994

Abstract: An animal's ability to cope with the environmental changes depends on the integrity of cell communication and responses in terms of sensory perception and motor response1. Reaction time is an important parameter representing the integration of sensory, motor and coordination system of the body. It is the time interval between onset of stimulus and occurrence of response. This parameter is widely used in selection process of many occupations like pilots, car drivers and in industrial situation to prevent accidents.2,3Determination of reaction time has important implications in sports physiology also.4
In today's fast-paced world of digital technology, every person works invariably in complex setups, where he is required to react to a variety of situations or changes in the external environment promptly and correctly and so also the medical student. So, present study is carried out to see the reaction time in healthy young medical students and effect of caffeine on it.

[1]. Parekh N, Gajbhiye IPR, Wahane M, Titus J. The Study of Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Healthy Control, Patients of Diabetes Mellitus on Modern Allopathic Treatment, and those Performing Aerobic Exercises. J Indian AcadClin Med 2004; 5(3):239-243.
[2]. Lally N, Nettlbeck T. Intelligance, reaction time and inspection time. American J of Mental Deficiency. 1977; 82: 273-81.
[3]. Mathur LA, Tendon HB. Reaction time experiments. Journal of abnormal psychology. 1964;72:35-40.
[4]. Chakraborty, Ghosh and Sahana. Physiological aspects of yogi's discipline. In Ghost HN Ed 2 Human Physiology, Calcutta: New Bookstall, 1984:1234-1235.
[5]. Barraclough, M.S., and Beech, J.R. Effects of caffeine on functional asymmetry in aposner letter-recognition task. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1995; 52:731-735

Abstract: Background: Patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) are elusive and challenging clinical cases. Timely detection and identification of blood borne pathogen is one of the most important functions of microbiology laboratory.
Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of BACTEC 9050 in comparison to conventional blood culture for detection of bacterial isolates in clinically suspected cases of fever of unknown origin.
Material and methods: Blood samples from 100 suspected cases of fever of unknown origin (FUO) were subjected to conventional blood culture and BACTEC 9050 culture system..
Results: Out of 100 suspected cases, 46% cases were culture positive with 80.43% pathogenic bacterial isolates comprising of 54.05% gram positive and 45.94% gram negative isolates. Predominant gram positive isolates were 35% coagulase negative Staphylococcus and 30% Staphylococcus aureus. Gram negative isolates were 29.41% Salmonella typhi followed by 17.64% E coli. BACTEC 9050 was observed to be sensitive (100% ) as compared to conventional blood culture (67.56%) . Mean time to detection of significant pathogens was significantly less with the BACTEC 9050 than with conventional media.
Conclusion: BACTEC 9050 proved as a reliable and fast method to identify the blood stream pathogens in blood culture as compared to conventional culture methods.
Keywords: BACTEC 9050- Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, FUO- fever of unknown origin

[1]. Molavi A, Weinstein L. Persistent perplexing pyrexia: some comments on etiology and diagnosis. Med Clin North Am. 1970;54: 379-396.
[2]. Petersdorf RG, Beeson PB. Fever of unexplained origin: Report on 100 Medicine cases. Medicine.1961; 40:130.
[3]. Arnow PM, Flaherty JP. Fever of unknown origin. Lancet.1997; 350:575-580.
[4]. Mansueto P, Lorenzo G, Rizzo M. Fever of unknown origin in a Mediterranean survey from a division of internal medicine: report of 91 cases during a 12-year-period. Intern Emerg Med. 2008; 56:456-475.
[5]. Ergonul O, Willke A, Azap A. Revised definition of 'fever of unknown origin': limitations and opportunities. J Infect. 2005 Jan; 50(1):1-5.
[6]. De Kleijn EM, Vanderbroucke JP, Vander Meer JW. Fever of unknown origin (FUO). A prospective multicenter study of 167 patients with FUO, using fixed epidemiologic entry criteria. Medicine. 1997; 76:392-400.

Abstract: This project work was conducted to evaluate the microbial contamination on tools used in hairdressing salons in Michael Okpara University Agriculture, Umudike,Abia State,Nigeria. Samples were collected from two different hairdressing salons inside the campus. The samples were collected from combs, brushes and hairdryers using a moistened swab stick and processed according to standard procedures. All the materials used were obtained from the microbiology and bio-chemistry laboratory except the sample and the culture media used which were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. The samples were diluted into sixth quadrants before been inoculated on the media using sticking method. Each plate was incubated at 370c for 24hours (bacterial) and 48-72hours (fungal). The isolates obtained were examined using biochemical characteristics, colonial morphology and also identified using microscopic examination. The results obtained include Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus spp and micrococcus spp. Aspergillus spp, mucor spp and Rhizopus spp. Also, results of the total bacterial and fungal counts were obtained. The presence of this potential pathogen is an indication that hairdressing salons could be contributing to the spread of infection with the campus and also the university community.
Keywords: Hair Dressing Salons, Microbial contamination, Tools used in hair dressing, Pathogens

[1]. Adeleye, I.A and Osidipo, O.O. (2004). "Isolation and Characterization of Micro-organism form Instrument Used by Pedicurists Operating within Larger Metropolis, Nigeria". West Ind. Med. Journal. 53:413-415.
[2]. Amodio, E. Benedetto, M.A., Gennaro, L., Maida, C.M. and Romano, N. (2010). "Knowledge, Attitudes and Risk of HIV, HBV and HCV Infections in Hairdressings of Palermo City". Europe Journal Public Health 20:433-437.
[3]. Aneja, K.R. (2005) "Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biochemistry. New Age Publishing Press. 69 ISBN B1-224- 494.
[4]. Barn, P. and Chen. T. (2011). "Infections Associated with Personal Service Establishments: Aesthetics". National Collaborating Centre for Environment Health ISBN :978-1-926933-29-Opp.1-10.
[5]. Brown, N.J. (2006). "Guideline for Public Health Standards of Practice for Hairdressing, 2nd Edition" ISBN:0738956521 Australia PP.1-4.

Abstract: Nickel (Ni)-containing alloys are present in a substantial number and wide range of appliances, auxiliaries, and utilities used in orthodontics and thus become an integral part of almost every routine orthodontic intervention. Orthodontic brackets, stainless steel archwires, stainless steel appliances, Nickel titanium wires are some of majorly used the Ni-containing alloy applications. Recent evidence has attributed carcinogenic, mutagenic, cytotoxic, and allergenic actions to Ni in various forms and compounds. This poses a threat to patients who are potentially allergic to Nickel. So, it is essential to bring into light the use of Nickel free substitutes.

Key words: Nickel leaching, orthodontics, allergy, hypersensitivity

[1]. Brantley, W. A. Orthodontic wires. In: Brantley WA, Eliades T, eds. Orthodontic Materials: Scientific and Clinical Aspects.Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme; 2000:78–100

[2]. Lewis, C. G. and F. W. Sunderman . Metal carcinogenesis in total joint arthroplasty. Animal models. ClinOrthop 1996.329:(suppl). S264–S268.

[3]. Kasprzak, K. S. and K. Bialkowski . Inhibition of antimutagenic enzymes, 8-oxo-dGTpases, by carcinogenic metals. J InorgBiochem 2000.79:231–236.

[4]. Pereira, M. L. , A. Silva , R. Tracana , and G. S. Carvalho . Toxic effects caused by stainless steel corrosion products on mouse seminiferous cells. Cytobios 1994. 77:73–80.

[5]. Veien, N. K. , E. Bochhorst , T. Hattel , and G. Laurberg . Stomatitis or systemically-induced contact-dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1994. 30:210–213

Abstract: Aim: This study aims to determine whether complete dentures improve the quality of life of an edentulous patient, and will also assess the roles of socioeconomic and demographic factors. The study will further assess the association between psychosocial, socioeconomic and demographic factors and patients' level of denture satisfaction.Material & Method : A final sample of 630 patients was then included in the study. Eighty-one percent (n=510) of the sample was female. The age ranged from 34 years to 80 years old with a mean age of 58 years.Result: Generally, all the patients were satisfied with the maxillary denture received during their treatment. A higher rate of dissatisfaction was recorded for the mandibular denture (36%) than the maxillary denture (10%). More than two thirds (68%) of the sample experienced great difficulty eating with their previous dentures and only 42% experienced pain in their mouth in the last month. Patients recorded higher impacts related to functional limitations. This could be due to ill-fitting dentures, inadequate retention and the resulting discomfort experienced by edentulous patients. Conclusion: The findings of this study could also serve as motivation for a more vigorous national plan with regards to oral health. The high prevalence of edentulism clearly suggests that the levels of tooth loss are not decreasing. The results of this study and future research could be used to motivate for more appropriate resource allocation.
Keywords: Complete denture and quality of life,Oral health related quality of life,Quality of life

[1]. Strassburger C, Heydecke G, Kerschbaum T. Influence of prosthetic and implant therapy on satisfaction and quality of life: A systematic review. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:83-93.
[2]. Slade GD, Spencer A. Development and evaluation of the Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Health 1994;11:3-11.
[3]. Allen PF, Locker D. A modified short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile for assessing health-related quality of life in edentulous adults. Int J Prosthodont 2002;15:446-50.
[4]. Naude DA, Van Rooy HK, Faber HS, Barrie RB. Complete upper and lower dentures: Results from the sociological questionnaire of the National Oral Health Survey. National Oral Health Survey South Africa 1989. In: Report of the first National Oral Health Survey of South Africa, pp 102-8. Department of Health, 1994.
[5]. Naidoo S, Chikte UM, Moola H, Steyn K. Perceptions of oral health: The South African Demographic and Oral Health Survey (DOHS) of 1998. SADJ 2001;56:505-10.
[6]. Louw NP, Moola MH. The dental needs and demands of the Cape Coloured people in the Cape Peninsula. J Dent Assoc S Afri 1979; 34:715-8.

Abstract: Ayurveda gives a ray of hope in Vitiligo patients. In Ayurveda , Vaman &Virechanare the two major process of Panchakarma, which are very effective in Vitiligo.It helps to decrease the patches and to recovery of the normal skin colour in Vitiligo and thus improvingthe quality of life in Vitiligo patients.
Keywords: Vitiligo, Vaman & Virechan.

[1]. American Academy of Dermatology. Dermatologists encourage consumers to be ''clothes'' minded when it comes to selecting summer wardrobe. New release is issued May 2,2005.
[2]. Clinical Dermatology by V.N. Sehajal and S. Jain 4th Edition, 2004 pub, JP Brothers, New Delhi.
[3]. Eugene Harrison's Braunwald et. al. Priciple of Internal Medicine, Ed. 18th vol. 1, New York, McGrawHill, New Delhi.
[4]. Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L et al. Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 1051-76.
[5]. Grimes PE, Vitiligo. In: Kelly AP and Taylor SC, editors. Dermatology for SKIN of Color, China, McGraw-Hill;2009.p.317-23.
[6]. Halder RM, Taliferro SJ, Vitiligo. In: Wolf K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, et. Al. editors. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th ed. United States of America, McGraw Hill; 2008. P. 616-21
[7]. Halder RM ''Vitiligo'' Forum presented at the 2011 American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting: New Orleans. February 2011

Abstract: Objective(s): To study the incidence of early re-laparotomy, its indications and mortality rates in a rural tertiary teaching institution.
Method(s): A retrospective descriptive study of early re- laparotomy after primary gynaecological and obstetrical surgery over a period of 12 months from 1st August 2012 to 31st July 2013 was done.
Result(s): Total incidence of re –laparotomy was 0.169%. Most common complications requiring re- laparotomy were intraperitoneal haemorrhage(36.36%) and PPH(36.36%) followed by rectus sheath haematoma(18.18%) and Burst abdomen(9.09%).Women who underwent primary surgeries for gynaecological and obstetrical condition required re-laparotomy in 0.16% & 0.17% cases respectively and mortality was 0% and 20% cases respectively.
Conclusion: Indication of primary surgery,whether gynaecological or obstetrical, patient's pre-operative general condition,surgeon's experiences and care by the intensivist may influence the outcome of re-laparotomy. Re-laparotomy should be considered as a procedure in case of near miss fatality of mother. To make it safe every effort must be adopted.
Keywords: Re-laparotomy, Intraperitoneal haemorrhage, Haematoma, Burst abdomen.

[1]. Kirk RM reoperative surery for early complication following abdominal and abdominothoracic operation JR Soc Med 1988;81:7-9 .
[2]. Gunther K, Taubert E Mehwald J. Disordered post operative course. A retrospective analysis.Zentralbl chir 1988;113:384-90.
[3]. Seal SL Kamilya G, Bhattacharyya SK et al. Relaparotomy after caesarean delivery : experience from and Indian teaching hospital . J obstet gynaecol Res 2007 ;33:804-9.
[4]. Wain MO , Sykes PA Emergency abdominal re exploration in a district general hospital . Ann R coll Surg Engl 1987;69:169-74 .
[5]. Ashton P, Beischer N, Cullen J et al. Return to theatre – experience at the Mercy Maternity Hospital Melboure 1971-1982. Aust N Z J obstet Gynaecol 1985;25:159-69.
[6]. Ganchev G Baev S Milushev G et al. Relaparotomy in early postoperative complications in the abdominal cavity . Probl Khig 1980;8:111-20

Abstract: Background: About 13.2 million people worldwide inject drugs, and about 10% of all new HIV infections globally result from the use of contaminated injecting equipment by Injectable Drug Users. India is home to one of the largest HIV/AIDS epidemics in the World. In this context, there is rising concern about the large number of IDUs and the attendant risk of HIV. It was estimated that there were around 1000-1200 IDUs in Visakhapatnam. Objectives: 1)to study socio demographic profile, 2) Drug injecting behavior 3) Sexual behavior of Injectable drug users in Visakhapatnam city. Methodology: A total of 150 IDUs were contacted. A semi structured, pre tested questionnaire was administered after taking informed consent. Study variables include age, education, occupation, marital status, age at first injecting, frequency of injecting etc. Results: All 150 were males. 50% in the age group of 25-29 years, 12% were 15-19 years of age, 63% were unemployed. 39.36% were graduates. Mean age at first injection was 18.4 years; 40% inject 4-5 times per day and 32% share injecting paranephrelia. Forearm was the most preferred site. Pentazocine was most commonly used drug followed by Ketasolamine. 77% had more than one sexual partner. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that high risk behaviors are prevailing among IDUs in our area and this risk behavior is of concern and they are at risk of developing HIV and other blood borne infections.
Key words: Drug injecting behavior, Injectable drug users, Sexual behavior, Visakhapatnam.

[1]. World Health Organization. Advocacy guide: HIV/AIDS prevention among injecting users: workshop manual / World Health Organization, UNAIDS.
[2]. Avina sauna,Waimar Tun,Aruna bhattacharya,Vaishali Mahendra et.al. Injecting drug users in India:understanding sexual behaviours and sexual networks to design effective behavior change strategies. Population council dt. April 2007. (www.popcouncil.org)
[3]. WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users – 2012 revision.
[4]. Injecting Drug Users –ARDAR(www.ardar.org.in/prog-injecting drug users)
[5]. Solomon SS,Desai M, Srikrishnan AK ,Thamburaj E , Vasudevan CK ,Kumar MS et al "The profile of injection drug users in Chennai,India : identification of risk behaviours and implications for intervention". Subst Use Misuse.2010 Feb;45(3):354-67
[6]. Ojha S.P, Pokharel.A, Aacharya R P, Pandey KR, Bhusal C L, Marhatta MN. Sociopsychological study among injectable drug users in Kathmandu valley. Journal of Nepal Medical Association

Abstract: Sexually transmitted infections have become a major public health problem in the global scenario. Use of contraceptives such as condoms can prevent exchange of body fluids thereby preventing transmission of certain sexually transmitted infections, however many other sexually transmitted infections gets transmitted through direct body contact. Pediculosis pubis is an uncommon sexually transmitted infection caused by the obligate ectoparasite Phthirus pubisor Crab lice.
This case report of a 21 years old male patient who presented with submandibular lymphadenopathy and multiple erythematous macules on his face, chest and pubic region. He gave a history of multiple sexual exposures. Further examination and investigations revealed it to be a case of Pediculosis pubis. This parasite was collected, examined macroscopically, microscopically, and morphologically identified as Phthirus pubis
Key Words: Pediculosis pubis, submandibular lymphadenopathy, erythematous macules

[1]. Pediculosis, Christine J. Ko, and Dirk M. Elston, Journal Of American Academy of Dermatology January 2004
[2]. Pediculosis Pubis and Dermoscopy, et al Acta Dermato venerol Croat 2009;17(1):77-83
[3]. The Presence of the Pubic Louse Pthirus Pubis in Two Patients Complaining from Tick Infestation Ali Beytur et al Eur J Gen Med 2011;8(2):160-2
[4]. Pediculosis pubis: presentation to ophthalmologist as pthriasispalpebrarum associated with corneal epithelial keratitis, N.P.Manjunatha et al, International Journal of STD & AIDS 2006; 17: 424–426
[5]. Infectious diseases of female genital tract, fifth edition by Richard.L. Sweet, Ronald.s. gibbs

Abstract: Ankyloglossia or tongue tie is a ongoing controversy among professionals as well as speciality groups. It is characterized by short lingual frenum or abnormal attachment of lingual frenum. It causes restricted tongue mobility which in turn causes feeding difficulties and speech problems. Here we present a case report of ankyloglossia in a11 year old male child.
Keywords: Ankyloglossia, lingual frenum, surgery

[1]. Ramya V, Manisundar N and Balaji A. Management of ankyloglossia with scalpel and electrosurgery method. Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry 2012; 2(2): 472-474.
[2]. Verdine V A and Khan R. Management of ankyloglossia- Case reports. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 2013; 6(4): 31-33.
[3]. Kotlow L A. Ankyloglossia(Tongue Tie): A diagnosis and treatment quandary. Quintessence Intl 1999; 30: 259-262.
[4]. Kupietzky A and Botzer E. Ankyloglossia in the infant and young child: Clinical suggestions for diagnosis & management. Pediatric Dentistry 2005; 27(1): 40-46.
[5]. Segal L M, Stephenson R, Dawes M and Feldman P. Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia. Canadian Family Physician 2007; 53: 1027-1033.
[6]. Caryllos E, Genna C W and Salloum A C. Congenital tongue tie and its impact on breast feeding. American Academy of Pediatrics 2004; 1-12.

Abstract: The interpretation of gender differences in depression has become the focus of much recent discussion. At present, the nature and extent of gender differences in depression stands as a contentious, complex and largely unresolved matter. The purpose of the present study is the better understanding of gender differences which may facilitate development of strategies in psychotherapy to alter the ways of patient's coping, to deal more effectively with stressors and reduce distress in depression.

[1]. Singh G, Kaur D, Kaur H. Presumptive Sressful Life Events Scale (PSLES) – a new stressful life event scale for use in India . Indian J Psychiat 1984; 26(2) : 107-14.
[2]. Kendler KS, Myers J, Prescott CA . Sex differences in the relationship between social support and risk for major depression: a longitudinal study of opposite sex twin pairs Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:250-256.
[3]. Farabaugh AH , Mischoulon D, Fava M , Green C , Guyker W , Alpert J.The potential relationship between levels of perceived stress and subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD).Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004 ; 110: 465-70.
[4]. Bolger N, Kessler RC, Schilling EA, Longis Ad. Effects of daily stress on negative mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989; 57(5); 808 – 18.
[5]. Fuller TD, Edwards JN, Vorakitphokatorn S, Sermsri S. Gender differences in the psychological well being of married men and women: an Asia case. The Sociological Quarterly 2004; 45(2) : 355 – 78

Abstract: A case of destructive ocular myiasis in the right eye of an healthy and non-compromised host having poor personal hygiene. Mechanical removal and good local hygiene helped to heal the wound. The larvae isolated were found to be that of Chrysomyia bezziana (screwworm fly). Infestation of human eyes with larvae of flies (myiasis) has been reported. Serious consequences of destructive myiasis are seen in emaciated and diseased patients. Only one report of total destruction of the globe by maggots of Chrysomyia bezziana exists in the literature. Mechanical removal of maggots is an important step in the management of patients with myiasis.
Key words: Myiasis; Orbit; Chrysomyia bezziana

[1]. Zumpt F. Myiasis in man and animals in the Old World. 1st edition. London: Butterworths; 1965.
[2]. Ghosh T, Nayek K, Ghosh N, Ghosh MK. Umbilical myiasis in newborn. Indian Pediatr 2011; 48-321-323.
[3]. DenielM.Albert, Frederick A.Jakobiec. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology.2nd Ed; 2000: Chapter 251, 3347.
[4]. Sachdev MS, Kumar H, Roop Jain AK,Arora R,Dada VK. Destructive ocular Myiasis in a non- compromised host. Indian Jr of ophthalmology 1990:38; 184-186.
[5]. Berenji F et al. A Case of Secondary Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by Chrysomyia bezziana Arthropod-Borne Dis.
[6]. Cook GC, Zumla A. Medical acarology and entomology. Manson's tropical disease, 21 sted, Philadelphia: Saunders (ELST); 2003. p. 1727-32.

Abstract: Background and objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the nickel and chromium ion release from the different brands of stainless steel brackets in to the normal saline.
Materials and Methods: Five full set of Dentaurum,3M and Koden brackets were immersed in sterile plastic tube and marked A,B,C respectively, containing 50ml of Normal saline and maintained at 37°c for 3 weeks. The processing was done by using 0.5ml of saliva that was transferred to a 2ml plastic test tube with a micropipette. The chemical analysis for Ni and Cr is performed with an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The concentration of Ni and Cr are expressed in micrograms per litre.This process was done by 1st,7th,14th and 21st day. The values are analyzed.
Results: The nickel and chromium release of Koden brackets is high. The least release of nickel and chromium is observed in Dentaurum brackets. The chromium release is insignificant within the groups but it significant in duration of days. The nickel release is significant within the groups but it is insignificant in duration of days.
Interpretation and Conclusion: Nickel and chromium release from different company brackets are not uniform, it varies. Koden brackets show more amount of nickel release, Dentaurum brackets show least amount of Nickel release.
Keywords: Nickel, chromium, brackets, stainless steel, Release of ions.

[1]. Keun TH,Hwang JU,Park YS et al1.Properties of super stainless steel for Orthodontic appliances. Published online, 20 January 2004 in wiley inter science.
[2]. Denkhaus E. and Salnikow K..Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity, Crit Revs in Oncology/Hematology, 42(1), 35–56, (2002).
[3]. LATTA GH,DONGAL SM. Response of known nickel sensitive patient to a removable partial denture with a titanium frame work. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 1993 August, 109-110
[4]. Kanerva L. Nickel release from metals and a case of allergic contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis 1994 November; 31 (5):299-303.
[5]. Gjerdet N R, Evichsen E S. Nickel and iron in saliva of patient with fixed Orthodontic appliances. ActaOdontal 1991 April;49 (2):73-78.
[6]. Gunseli a,Tulin a, Belgri i, Aysen y. Nickel and chromium levels in the saliva and serum of patients with fixed Orthodontic appliances.Angle Orthodontist 2001;71:375-379.

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis B is a major cause of chronic liver disease. Worldwide approx. 2 billion people are infected, 350 – 400 million people have the active HBV infection and more than 1 million people are dying due to it annually. Hepatitis C has emerged as a major cause of end – stage liver disease. Both the viruses are transfusion – transmitted as well as spread in the laboratory via infected needles.
Aims: Evaluation of seropositivity of Hepatitis B & C among Thalassemia patients attending the OPD of a Thalassemia Clinic of a Tertiary Care Hospital.
Material & Methods: A study was conducted on Multitransfused Thalassemia patients for six months from Jan'2011 – June'2011. Test for HB sAg, HBeAg were performed to detect Hepatitis B and anti – HCV antibody to detect Hepatitis C – both by ELISA method.
Results: 379 blood samples were studied -14(3.69%) HB sAg positive, 4(1.055%) HBeAg, and 34(8.97%) positive for anti – HCV. Three (0.79%) patients showed seropositivity for both HB sAg and anti HCV. Out of the 14 HB sAg seropositivity cases, 13(3.43%) were male of which 6 (1.58%) were in the age group (0 - 10 yrs).Out of the 34 anti – HCV positive cases, 25 (6.59%) were male; of this 13(3.43%) were in the age group (0 - 10 yrs). Conclusion: More sensitive screening tests and stringent donor selection processes are required for the better control of this transfusion – transmitted infections among Thalassemia patients.
Keywords: Hepatitis B & C ,end – stage liver disease, Thalassemia, ELISA.

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[2]. Marco VD, Capra M, Angelucci E , Borgna-Pignatti C, Telfer P. Management of chronic viral hepatitis in patients with Thalassemia: recommendations from an international panel. Blood 2010 Oct 21; 116(16):2875-83.
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Abstract: The objective of this study was to verify the effects of physical rehabilitation on the decline of Alzheimer's disease in Tunisian male older adult patients. We focused mainly on effects on motor functions mainly stride length, walking speed and postural stability. 21 patients carefully selected were separated into two groups. The first group of nine patients served as control. However, the second group is composed of twelve patients was submitted for six months at three sessions of 60 minutes per week in a physical training program. Our results showed that physical activity improves significantly motor functions in Alzheimer's disease patients, namely stride length, walking speed, double limb support time and postural stability. We conclude that the physical training could be an interesting approach for the control of Alzheimer's disease in Tunisian male older adult patients.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; physical activity; Tunisian male older adult patients; motor functions

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Abstract: A longitudinal studies was carried out in OAUTHC Ile–Ife to determine the pattern of changes in plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol levels in 145 normal pregnant patients. Patients were bled serially first at initial visit at the centre at late first trimester or early second trimester,then twenty four to twenty six weeks of gestation;thirty six to thirty eight weeks of gestation and at end of peurperium.Plasma levels of TC,TG,HDL-C were assayed in the plasmaand LDL-C levels were derived using friedwald formula at each level. The mean±SD of TC,TG,HDL-C and LDL-C showed a significant increase with increasing gestational age and reduction at the end of peurperium.The mean differences demonstrated a larger percentage increase in the second trimester as compared with the late third trimester in TC and TG.The TG showed the largest percentage increase.However the HDL-C showed a persistent increase throughout gestation though mild.All parameters reduce to pre-pregnancy level at puerperium. In conclusion,the plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol increase throughout pregnancy. All parameters reduce to normal level in the puerperium.

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Abstract: CCAM is a congenital anamoly of lung, usually uncommon in adults. Presentation in adults is mostly as acute fever and lung abscesses, secondary to bacterial infections. We present a case of 28 year old man having CCAM of left lung ,complicated by aspergilloma ,presenting with recurrent hemoptysis. Patient underwent curative resection and is symptom free in follow up.

Keywords: CCAM, CPAM, Aspergilloma, fungus ball, recurrent hemoptysis

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Abstract: A patient with lepromatous leprosy while on multidrug therapy (MDT) presented with crops of brightly erythematous tender nodules on both upper and lower extremities along with bullous necrotic lesion over face and trunk of one week duration. The lesions were associated with high grade fever. Bilateral ulnar, radial cutaneous and lateral popliteal nerves were thickened. Slit skin smear showed a bacterial index (BI) of 4+ with morphological index 40% and histopathology was consistent with type II reaction. Systemic naproxen, corticosteroid and clofazimine were administered and the patient became symptoms free after a week. On 21st hospitalisation day the patient was discharged and she remained symptom free.

Key Words: lepromatous leprosy, multidrug therapy, bullous necrotic lesion

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Abstract: Introduction: The cervical vertebrae are identified by the presence of the foramen transversarium in the transverse processes which carries the vertebral artery, vertebral veins and sympathetic nerves. This foramen is known to exhibit variations in their number, size, shape which may lead to various symptoms. Their etiology is related with the variation in the course of vertebral artery due to developmental reasons. The objective of the present study was to find the incidence of accessory foramina transversaria in the cervical spine. Method: This study included 175 dried human cervical vertebrae .Among them 100 were typical cervical vertebrae and 75 were atypical cervical vertebrae. All cervical vertebrae were observed macroscopically for the presence of double foramina transversaria on both the side. The data was compiled and analyzed using Microsoft excels software. Result: Out of 175 cervical vertebrae the double foramen transversarium was found in only 10 vertebrae. The incidence was calculated as 5.71%. Among them unilateral duplication was found in 6 vertebrae (3.42 %) and bilateral duplication was found in 4 vertebrae 2.28 % Conclusion: Thus unilateral double foramen transversarium was more common than the bilateral one. Also the accessory foramina were observed in the lower cervical vertebrae i.e. in C4, C5, C6, and C7. Further the accessory foramina were smaller as compared to the regular foramina.

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