iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2016

Abstract: Fluorosis is a major public health problem in India. This cross-sectional observational study has been conducted in the fluoride endemic zones of Bankura district to evaluate the effect of fluorosis on the liver enzymes. This study was carried out in the Simlapal block of Bankura, on 100 subjects by using simple random sampling in which 50 were cases. The serum samples were collected from the subjects and serum fluoride was estimated by Ion-Meter and serum ALT, AST, ALP and LDH levels were determined by auto-analyzer and were compared with age and sex matched controls.................

Keywords: Serum ALT, AST, ALP, fluoride, LDH.

[1]. Saravanan S, et.al Prevalence of dental fluorosis among the primary school children in rural area of Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore
District, Tamil Nadu. India. Indian J Commun Med .2008;33:146-50.
[2]. Kotecha PV, Patel SV, Bhalani KD, Shah D, Shah VS, Mehta KG. Prevalence of dental fluorosis & dental carries in association
with high levels of drinking water fluoride content in a district of Gujrat, Indian J Med Res. 2012;135(6):873-77.
[3]. https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?product_id=15895.
[4]. Andezath SK, et.al. Fluorosis management in India: the impact due to networking between health and rural drinking water supply
agencies. JAHS-AISH Publications.2000;260:159-65.
[5]. Guidelines for drinking water quality.Geneva: Who; 2004 world Health Organizationhttps://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product info.php?products id=15895

Abstract: Gynecological malignancy is an important public health issue in the developing World and they include cancers of the ovary, cervix, body of the uterus, vulva & vagina and also gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN).Over the years, irrespective of social class, the number of gynecological cancers is increasing, with more cases at the younger age in India. Cervical malignancy is the most common among gynecological malignancies and WHO estimates that the contribution of cervical cancer to adult female death is 35%. It has been reported in earlier literature that in developing countries like India...........

Keywords: Cancer, Cancer Cervix, Cancer Ovary, Cancer Uterus, Cancer Vulva, GTN, Gynecological malignancies.

[1]. Gupta S, Rao YN, Agarwal SP. Emerging strategies for cancer control for women in India. 50 years of cancer control in India:
2003.Available from http://www.medindia.net/education/ministry of health/pg 192-203.pdf. (Last accessed on June 14th 2014.)
[2]. Kishore J. Text book of National Health Programs of India.11th edition. New Delhi: Century publications; 2014.
[3]. Madhutandra Sarkar, Hiralal Konar, DK Raut. Gynecological malignancies: Epidemiological characteristics of the patients in a
tertiary care hospital in India.Asian Pacific Journal of cancer Prevention 2012; 13: 2997-3004.
[4]. Chhabra S, Sonak M, Prem V, Sharma S.Gynaecological malignancies in a rural institute in India. J Obstet Gynecol India 2002;
58:518-88
[5]. Ayinde OA, Omigbodun AO, Ilesanmi AO. Awareness of Cervical Cancer, Papanicolaou's Smear and Its Utilisation among Female
Undergraduates in Ibadan. Afr J Reprod Health 2004; 8: 68-80

Abstract: Objective: To find the correlation of the clinical and biochemical parameters in Indian adult women with PCOS with and without AN. Materials and Methods: 98 adult women (20-35years) with PCOS as per Rotterdam 2003 criteria were studied. Clinical parameters recorded - Body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), blood pressure (BP), hirsutism score (modified Ferriman- Gallwey score m FG ≥ 6), presence of acne and acanthosis (AN). Transabdominal ultrasonography (USG) was done in each case. Hormonal parameters studied - Serum total testosterone (TT) level, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) level..........

Keywords: Acanthosis nigricans (AN), adult, body mass index (BMI), polycystic ovary syndrome

[1]. J P Burke et al: A Quantitative Scale of Acanthosis Nigricans
[2]. Diabetes Care 1999: 22 (10),1655- 9.
[3]. Barbieri RL, Ryan KJ. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans syndrome: A common endocrinopathy with distinct pathophysiologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 147:90–101.
[4]. 3. Guzick DS. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:181-193.
[5]. Rendon MI, Cruz PD, Jr, Sontheimer RD, Bergstresser PR. Acanthosis nigricans: A cutaneous marker of tissue resistance to insulin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21: 461–9.

Abstract: H. pylori is a common chronic infectious-inflammatory disease worldwide. Association of this infection with type II Diabetes is found in many studies. There is recent discussion on 'inflammatory hypothesis' and immunological mechanisms involved in causation of Depression. The current study tries to see the association of H. pylori infection in 40 patients of type II Diabetes and presence of depression among them. Study findings supports the association showing that the patients of Diabetes had statistically significant higher numbers of positive H. Pylori . The study also found higher presence of depression among H. pylori positive diabetic patients than H. pylori negative diabetic patients proving the hypothesis

Keywords: H. pylori, Type II Diabetes, Depression

[1]. Bener A, Micallef R, Afifi M,. Derbala M, Al-Mulla HM, Usmani MA. Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Helicobacter pylori infection. Turk J Gastroenterol 2007; 18:225-9
[2]. Fan XG, Chua A, Fan XJ, Keeling PW. Increased gastric production of interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection.J Clin Pathol 1995; 48:133-6
[3]. Pradhan AD,Manson JE,Rifa N,Buring JE,Ridker PM.C-reactive protein, interleukin6,and risk of developing type 2 diabetes Mellitus.JAMA 2001;286:327-34
[4]. Senturk O, Canturk Z,Cetinarslan B,Ercin C, Hulagu S, Canturk NZ. Prevelance and comparisons of five different diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori in diabetic patients. Endrocr Res 2001; 27:179-89
[5]. Quatrini M, Boarino V, Ghidoni A, Baldassarri AR, Bianchi PA, Bardella MT. Helicobacter pylori prevelance in patients diabetes and its relationship to dyspeptic symptoms. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;32:251-7

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorder with its increasing incidence world wide. Thyroid dysfunction is another common endocrine disorder frequently encountered in clinical practice(1). The association between diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorder is widely known. Under this backdrop, the present study was undertaken with the following aims and objectives. 1) To know the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2)To know the spectrum of thyroid dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes mellitus...........

Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy

[1]. Ravishankar, S.N, Champakamalini, Venkatesh, Mohsin, A prospective study of thyroid dysfunction in patients with Type 2 diabetes in general population. Archives of Medicine 2013 vol.5 no. 1.2 doi :10.3823/105
[2]. Papazafiropoulou, A Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among Greek Type2 diabetic patients attending an outpatient clinic. Journal of clinical Medicine Research 2010; 2(2) : 75 – 78 .
[3]. Radaideh ,A . R . M , Nusier, M. K, Amari, F. L. et al. Thyroid dysfunction in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jordan. Saudi Medical Journal 2004; 25(8) :1046 – 1050.
[4]. Perros P , Mc Crimmon RJ , Shaw G, Frier BM. Frequency of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients: value of annual screening. Diabet Mwd . 1995; 12(7) : 622 – 627. Doi: 10 . 1111/j . 1464-5491. 1995. Tb00553.x.( pub med)

Abstract: Medical education has always been the cornerstone of improvement of community health by producing right doctors who can deliver best of science and best of care. One of the methods that evolved in teaching community medicine is Clinico- social case study. It is akin to Clinical case study in clinical subjects, except for its gives a broader perspective to the medical student regarding disease syndrome i.e., the social bearer of disease, helping them to be a complete physician. Lately the students are falling into the rut of being
passively involved in the discussion when a single student is presenting the case ,in regular pedagogical method...........

Keywords: Clinico- social case study, learning effectiveness, small group discussion,teaching method

[1]. A New Series on Medical Education — NEJM. (2016). New England Journal of Medicine., from
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe068211
[2]. J. Barrett, L. Yates, G. McColl. Medical teachers conceptualize a distinctive form of clinical knowledge., Advances in Health
Sciences Education 20(2015), 355-369
[3]. N.Anantkrishnan,K.R.Sethuraman,Santhosh Kumar, Medical Education: Principles and Practice (Pondicherry,IND:AANTTC,
2000)
[4]. Knowles MS. The modern practice of adult education. Andragogy versus Pedagogy. (New York: Association Press, 1970.)
[5]. Flexner, A Medical education in the United States and Canada. A report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching. Bulletin No. 4. Updyke: Boston, Mass; 1910.

Abstract: Background: otitis media with effusion(OME) is defined as a collection of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection.OME has several potential causes.The presence of fluid in the middle ear decreases tympanic membrane and middle ear function, leading to decreased hearing and learning disabilities. Hence early detection and proper intervention is necessary............

Keywords: Otitis Media With Effusion(OME),Grommet,Adenoidectomy,Pure tone audiometry, Tympanometry .Secretory Otitis Media.

[1]. Maw R, Wilks J, Harvey I, et al. Early surgery compared with watchful waiting for glue ear and effect on language development in preschool children: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Mar 20;353(9157):960-3. PMID: 10459904
[2]. Mandel EM, Rockette HE, Bluestone CD, et al. Myringotomy with and without tympanostomy tubes for chronic otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989 Oct;115(10):1217-24. PMID: 2789777
[3]. Austin DF. Adenotonsillectomy in the treatment of secretory otitis media. Ear Nose Throat J. 1994 Jun;73(6):367-9, 73-4. PMID: 8076535. Williamson IG, Dunleavey J, Bain J, et al. The incidence and prevalence of abnormal tympanograms in four South West Hampshire infant J Laryngol Otol. 1994 Nov;108(11):930-4. 5
[4]. Williamson IG, Dunleavey J, Bain J, et al. The incidence and prevalence of abnormal tympanograms in four South West Hampshire infant J Laryngol Otol. 1994 Nov;108(11):930-4. 5

Abstract: Sickle Cell Disease(SCD) is a complex disorder with multi-organ complications. Cardiovascular abnormalities are well-recognized complication in SCD with cardiac enlargement and systolic murmurs being the most common findings. Multiple pathologic and clinical studies have shown that patients with pulmonary hypertension and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction represent a particularly high-risk subgroup. These cardiopulmonary complications contribute to a markedly low functional capacity and associated high risk of both sudden death and severe multi-organ dysfunction in SCD patients. The aim of study was to assess prevalence of Pulmonary hypertension and Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction by using 2D Echocardiography in the patients of sickle cell anemia...........

Keywords: LVDD-Left Ventricular diastolic dysfunction, SCD-Sickle cell disease, PH-Pulmonary Hypertension, TR-Tricuspid Regurgitation

[1]. Rees D.C., Williams, T.N. & Gladwin, M.T. (2010) Sickle-cell disease. Lancet, 376, 2018– 2031.
[2]. Lindsay, Jr, J., Meshel, J.C. & Patterson, R.H. (1974) The cardiovascular manifestations of sickle cell disease. Archives of Internal
Medicine, 133, 643-651.
[3]. Hebbel, R.P. (1997) Adhesive interactions of sickle erythrocytes with endothelium. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 100, S83-
S86.
[4]. Butrous, G., Ghofrani, H.A., and Grimminger, F. (2008). Pulmonary vascular disease in the developing world. Circulation 118,
1758-1766.Caldas, M.C., Meira, Z.A. & Barbosa, M.M. (2008) Evaluation of 107 patients with sickle cell anemia through tissue
Doppler and myocardial performance index. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 21, 1163-1167.
[5]. Reiter CD, Wang X, Tanus-Santos JE, Hogg N, Cannon RO, 3rd, Schechter AN, et al. Cell-free hemoglobin limits nitric oxide
bioavailability in sickle-cell disease. Nat Med. 2002;8:1383-9

Abstract: Parasitic infection caused by helminths and protozoa are the major cause of human disease in most countries of tropical region. It is estimated that about 3.5 billion people are infected with intestinal parasites of whom 450 million are ill. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection varies not only geographically but also in different region in the same country. The present study is undertaken to determine the rate of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among all age group of people in this tribal area and to determine the best concentration technique to identify maximum number of intestinal parasites............

Keywords: .................................

[1]. M.Endris.Z Tekeste, W Lemma and A.Kassu, comparison of the Kato-Katz, wet mount and formal ether concentration diagnostic techniques for intestinal heliminth infections in Ethopia. ISRN parasitology, volume 2013, article ID 180439, 5 pages 2013.
[2]. Celikoz A, Guler N, Goztop AY;Prevalence of intestinal parasites in three socioecnomically different regions of Sivas, Turkey. J Health, population and Nutrition 2005 ;23:184-91
[3]. Reader MM Infections & Infestations of GIT ;Margulis and Burhennes Alimentary Tract Roentgenology 1994 ; 881-951
[4]. Malta H, Hally A, Gillman ; J. Cl. Microbiology ; 2000 Jan 38 (1) 133-37
[5]. Walsh J.A 1986 , Problems in recognition and diagnosis of Amoebiasis ; Estimation of Global magnitude of morbidity and mortality : Rev . Inf . Diseases 8 ;228-238- Cross Ref- Medline

Abstract: A reliable, safe and cost effective method to asses tubal patency in case of infertility is very essential. Present study was undertaken to compare transvaginal sonosalpingography and chromolaparoscopy for evaluation of tubal patency in infertile patients. Methodology: 50 patients with infertility were subjected to transvaginal sonosalpingography and chromolaparoscopy preferably in a same cycle. All were evaluated for fitness by detailed history taking, general physical examination and systemic examination............

Keywords: Sonosalpingography, chromolaparoscopy, tubal patency

[1]. Rubin I. Differences between the uterus and tubes as a cause of oscillations recorded during uterotubal Insufflation. Fertil. Steril 1954; 5:147-53.
[2]. Tufekci EC, Girit S. Baylrll MD, Durmusoglu F, Yaltl S. Evaluation of tubal patency by transvaginal sonosalpingography. Fertil Steril. 1992; 57: 336-40.
[3]. B Friberg, C Joergensen. Tubal patency studied by ultrasonography. A pilot study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1994; 73 (1): 53-5.
[4]. Kore S, Hegde A, Nair S et al. Sonography for assessment of tubal patency: Our experience. J Obstet and Gynecol India. 2000; 50 (2): 63-6.
[5]. Onah HE, Ezike HA, Mgbor SO. Saline sonohysterosalpingographic findings in infertile Nigerian women. Obst. Gyn. 2006; 26(8): 788-90.

Abstract: A common complication associated with Intra Venous therapy is Phlebitis. Numerous literature articles have written that emphasize that phlebitis can occur in more then 50 % of patients receiving IV therapy. It is essential to be able to identify who are at risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Heparin reduces the superficial thrombophlebitis. This study was conducted at yenepoya medical college hospital The patients were divided into two groups, using closed envelope method...........

Keywords: Topical Heparin, Thrombophlebitis , Intra Venous Cannulation

[1]. Endacott R et al (2009) Clinical Nursing Skills, Core and Advanced. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[2]. Uslusoy E,Mete S, predisposing factors for the development of thrombophlebitis with peripheral IV cannulas a descriptive study
,2008Apr;20(4):172-180.
[3]. Macklin D (2003) Phlebitis, a painful complication of peripheral IV catheterization that may be prevented. American Journal of
Nursing; 103: 2,55-60.
[4]. Kohno E et al (2009) Effects of corticosteroids on phlebitis induced by intravenous infusion of antineoplastic agents in rabbits.
International Journal of Medical Sciences; 6: 4, 218-223.
[5]. Catton JA et al (2006) The effect of heparin in peripheral intravenous nutrition via a fine-bore

Abstract: Febrile seizures (FS) are a form of acute symptomatic seizures. They occur in2% to 5% of children and are the most common form of childhood seizures. In the past, it was believed that most FS represented a form of epilepsy and that prognosis was not favorable. FS was believed to cause brain damage and subsequent epilepsy . Objective: To study the incidence of IDA in febrile convulsion(first episode) and evaluate iron deficiency anemia as a risk factor for febrile convulsion...........

Keywords: Febrile seizure(FS), Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)

[1]. Lennox WG. Significance of febrile convulsions. Pediatrics 1953;11:341
[2]. Livingstone S, Bridge EM, Kajdi L. Febrile convulsions: A clinical study with special reference to heredity and prognosis. J
Pediatr 1947;31:509.
[3]. Taylor DC, Ounsted C. Boilogical mechanisms influencing the outcome of Seizures in response to fever.
Epilepsia1971;12:33
[4]. Fowler M. Brain damage after febrile convulsions. Arch Dis Child 1957;32:67.
[5]. Wallace RH, Berkovic SF, Howell RA, et al. Suggestion of a major gene for familial febrile convulsions mapping to 8q13-
21. J Med Genet 1996;33:308

Abstract: Health is one of the most challenging sectors in the underdeveloped and developing countries. In countries like India where majority of population do not have access to medical health; oral health is of least importance. Prevalence of dental diseases has been steadily increasing over the years especially oral cancerous lesions. However despite the improved dentist to population ratio and substantial increase in number of dental college we are yet to achieve the desired oral health status as the problem lies not in number but on the distribution of college and dental surgeon. Increased appointment time and OPD procedure followed by dental college were cited as the major reason for low OPD at Dental Colleges..........

Keywords: Dental College, Health, OPD, Satisfaction

[1]. Bali RK, Mathur VB, Talwar PP, Chanana HB. National Oral Health Survey and Fluoride Mapping 2002-2003 India. New Delhi:
Dental Council of India in Collaboration with Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2004.
[2]. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer;
2013. Available from: http://www. globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_population.aspx.
[3]. AhujaNK, Parmar R. Demographics and Current Scenario with Respect to Dentists, Dental Institutions and Dental Practices in
India.Indian Journal Dental Sciences. 2011; 3(2): 8-11.
[4]. Bhushan P, Kumar K, Prasanth MC. Study of Reason for Low OPD at SMBT Dental College: An Open Ended Questionnaire
Survey. American Journal of Advances in Medical Science, 2014; 2(3): 26-33.
[5]. Dinesh TA, Singh S, Nair P, Remya TR. Reducing Waiting Time in Outpatient Services of Large University Teaching Hospital - A
Six Sigma Approach. Manag Heal. 2013; 17(1): 23-34.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to measure some cytomorphometric parameters in different female uterine cervical conditions to study the progression of pathology from normal to neoplastic conditions. Using a computerised cytomorphometric cellmeasurement pro- gram, the study was based on a cross sectional study of smear cases diagnosed with different uterine cervical conditions from 2012 to 2014.From different kinds of microscopic image ( bright field microscopy), 100 pictures of normal cells and 100 pictures of pathological cells are selected...........

Keywords: ............................

[1]. Jacques Ferlay,Hai-Rim Shin,Freddie Bray,David Forman,Colin Mathers,Donald Maxwell Parkin,"Estimates of worldwide Burden
of cancer in 2008:GLOBOCAN 2008",International Journal of cancer,Volume-127,Issue-12,pages-2893-2917,15 December-2010
[2]. Simona Marcu, Emöke Fülöp, Mariana Tilincă,Antonella Cheşcă,"Computerised Cytomorphometry In Cervical Neoplasia", Annals
of RSCB, Vol. XV, Issue 2
[3]. Maud Bessems,Benedict M. Doorschodt,Jan van Marle,Heleen Vreeling,Alfred J. Meijer,Thomas M. van Gulik,"Improved machine
perfusion preservation of the non-heart-beating donor rat liver using polysol: A new machine perfusion preservation solution", First
published: 19 October 2005,DOI: 10.1002/lt.20502, Volume 11, Issue 11,November 2005,Pages 1379–1388
[4]. Carson, Freida L; Hladik, Christa (2009). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (3 ed.). Hong Kong: American Society for
Clinical Pathology Press. pp. 361–3363. ISBN 978-0-89189-581-7.
[5]. https://www.ndsu.edu/ndsucorelabs/aim-techniquestechnologies-transmitted-light-microscopy

Abstract: Background & objectives: Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) is a neurotropic virus which causes variety of neurologic manifestations either due to opportunistic infections and neoplasm or direct effects of HIV on nervous tissue. The objective of present study was to find out various neurological manifestations in HIV patients and their relation with CD4 counts..............

Key words: HIV, Neurological Manifestation, Opportunistic infection, Neuropathy, Meningitis.

[1]. Weiss RA. How does HIV cause AIDS?.Science 1993;260: 1273–9.
[2]. Cunningham, A., Donaghy, H., Harman, A., Kim, M., Turville, S. Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses. Current opinion in microbiology 2019;13: 524–529.
[3]. Fauci AS, Lane HC. HIV/AIDS and related disorders. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, 18th ed. McGraw Hill publication. 2012;1: 1506-87.
[4]. 2010 UNAIDS. The global AIDS epidemic 2010. The Tribune. 2010 Nov 24; 5 (col.4).
[5]. Joshi PL. HIV/AIDS in India. In: Round table conference series, no.6. Ranbaxy Science Foundation, New Delhi, India. 2000;27-32.

Abstract: Background: Diabetes Mellitus is one among the diseases that affects peripheral nervous system and symptomatic Neuropathy in uncontrolled Diabetes is one of the commonest incapacitating complications. Electro diagnostic tests can be used to detect Diabetic Neuropathy at an early stage (before development of the signs or symptoms of Neuropathy). Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) is considered to be the most sensitive, reliable, non-invasive and objective means of investigations of Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Diabetic Neuropathy is curable, and hence if detected, the proper treatment can be instituted in early stages, which again, can give rise to good outcome............

Keywords: Diabetic Polyneuropathy, Nerve Conduction Study(NCS)

[1]. Krarup C. Nerve conduction studies in selected peripheral nerve disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002;15:579–93.
[2]. Global report on Diabetes. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2016.
[3]. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. 2015;3(11).
[4]. Ziegler D, Gries FA, Spuler M, Lessmann F. The epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy: DiaCAN Multicenter Study Group. Diabet Med. 1993;10(suppl.2):82S – 86S.
[5]. J Kimura. Long and short of nerve conduction measures: reproducibility for sequential assessments. J NeurolNeurosurgPsychiatry. 2001;71:427.4 30 doi:10.1136/jnnp.71.4.427.

Abstract: Background: We present the results of osteonecrosis of femoral head treated by core decompression with non vascularized fibular graft. Patient and Methods: 20 patients with osteonecrosis femoral head treated between 2012 and 2015 were included in the study.We performed core decompression and non vascular fibular grafting. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically and were belonging to pre collapsing stage (I and II) according to Ficat and Arlet classification. Outcome was assessed with Harris hip score...........

Keywords: Avascular necrosis,coredecompression,fibulargraft,harris hip score

[1]. Assouline-Dayan Y, Chang C, Greenspan A, Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME (2002) Pathogenesis and Natural History of Osteonecrosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 32(2): 94-124.
[2]. 10. Hamilton TW, Goodman SM, Figgie M (2009) Sas Weekly Rounds: Avascular Necrosis. HSSJ 5(2): 99-113.
[3]. Kang P, Pei F, Shen B, Zhou Z, Yang J (2012) Are The Results Of Multiple Drilling And Alendronate For Osteonecrosis Of The Femoral Head Better Than Those Of Multiple Drilling? A Pilot Study. Joint Bone Spine 79(1): 67-72.
[4]. Agarwala S, Shah SB (2011) Ten-Year Follow-Up Of Avascular Necrosis Of Femoral head Treated With Alendronate For 3 years. J Arthroplasty 26(7): 1128-1134.
[5]. Evans CH (2012) Gene Delivery To Bone. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64(12): 1331-1340.

Abstract: Introduction: In the last two decades there has been an increased use of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair compared to open hernia repair. Laparoscopic techniques have been validated as safe and effective in the treatment of groin hernias and have become common where facilities are available. There has been a shift in the last few years from open repair to laparoscopic repair in India. The laparoscopic approach (TEP and TAPP) for inguinal hernia is bound to get more accessible in the near future..........

Keywords: Inguinal hernia, TAPP (Transabdominal preperitoneal), TEP (Totally extraperitoneal)

[1]. Read RC, Herniology: past, present, and future, Hernia, 13(6), 2009, 577-580.
[2]. McCormack K, Scott NW, Go PM, Ross S, Grant AM. Laparoscopic techniques versus open techniques for inguinal hernia repair.
Cochrane database Syst Rev.2003 Jan ;( 1):CD001785.
[3]. Katz DA. Evaluation and management of inguinal and umbilical hernias. Pediatr Ann. 2001 Dec; 30(12):729–35.
[4]. Rutkow IM. Epidemiologic, economic, and sociologic aspects of hernia surgery in the United States in the 1990s. Surg Clin North
Am. 1998 Dec; 78(6):941–51.
[5]. McCormack K, Wake BL, Fraser C, Vale L, Perez J, Grant A. Transabdominal pre- peritoneal (TAPP) versus totally extraperitoneal
(TEP) laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair: a systematic review. Hernia. 2005 May; 9(2):109–14.