iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2018

Abstract: Spinal anaesthesia is a safe, inexpensive, commonly performed anaesthetic technique for lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. It is rapid in onset and provides good analgesia both intraoperatively and post-operatively. Spinal anaesthesia can be performed with a wide range of local anaesthetic drugs. Spinal anaesthesia using only local anaesthetics is associated with relatively short duration of action. Postoperative pain control is major problem with spinal anaesthesia using only local anaesthetics alone and thus early analgesic intervention is needed in the postoperative period. A number of adjuvants such as clonidine, opioids, dexmedetomidine, magnesium sulphate etc. have been studied to prolong the effect of spinal anaesthesia. Various studies showed.........

Key words: Lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries, spinal anaesthesia, Local anaesthetic drugs, hyperbaric bupivacaine, dexmedetomidine, magnesium sulphate.

[1]. Analgesic requirements for patients undergoing lower extremity orthopaedic surgery – the effect of combined spinal and epidural magnesium Middle East J Anaes 2008 Jun;19(5):1013-25).
[2]. Comparison of intrathecal magnesium, fentanyl, or placebo combined with bupivacaine 0.5% for parturients undergoing elective caesarean delivery. Acta Anaes Scand 2009: 53 : 346-353).3[
[3]. Li, Bo; Wang, Huizia; Wu, Hui; Gao, Chengjie (2015-04-01). "Neurocognitive dysfunction risk alleviation with the dexmedetomidine in perioperative conditions.
[4]. Giovannitti, Joseph A.; Thoms, Sean M.; Grawford, James J. (2015-01-01). Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: A Review of Current Clinical Applications".
[5]. Ebert, T. J.; Hall, J. E.; Barney, J. A.; Uhrich, T. D.; Colinco, M. D. (2000-08-01). "The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans". Anesthesiology. 93 (2): 382-294.

Abstract: Refractive error is one of the leading causes of visual disability in children which can affect the performance and impare the quality of life and can lead to childhood blindness. A cross sectional study was conducted among children between 5 to15 years of age who were attending OPD ,Department of Ophthalmology, Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India over a period of 6 months from March 2018 to August 2018 to find out the prevalence and pattern of refractive error among them. A total of 1357 children were attending........

Keywords: Children, Hypermetropia, Myopia, Astigmatism,Refractive error.

[1]. Prevalence of refractive error in school children of Karachi. Prevalence of refractive error in school children of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008; 58: 322-325.
[2]. Pizzarello L, Abiose A, Ffytche T, et al. Vision 2020: the right to sight: a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness. Arch Ophthalmol2004;122:615-620.
[3]. Serge Resnikoff et al. Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2008, 86: 63–70
[4]. Visual impairment and blindness Fact Sheet. Fact sheet no 282. World Health Organisation 2017
[5]. Gupta M, Gupta BP, Chauhan A, Bharadwaj A. Ocular morbidity prevalence among schoolchildren in Shimla, Himachal, North India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2009;57(2):133-38....

Abstract: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme present in most human tissues. It is also known as adenosine aminohydrolase and involved in purine metabolism. It is an important marker of inflammation. Elevation of the main serum transaminases, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels indicates liver cell injury. Liver is the main organ that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of liver disease. The aims of the study is to measure serum ADA and transaminases levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects and healthy controls. And to find out any correlation between ADA, fasting blood sugar (FBS), Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and transaminases The study was carried out in 60......

Key words: - Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Adenosine deaminase, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, Glycated haemoglobin.

[1]. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF Diabetes atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94: 311–21.
[2]. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2017. http://www.diabetesatlas.org
[3]. Powers AC. Diabetes Mellitus: diagnosis, classification, and pathophysiology. In: Kasper DL, Fausi AS, Hauser SL, Lango DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison's Principles Of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2015; (2). p. 2422-30.
[4]. Vader Weyden MB, Kelly WN. Human adenosine deaminase distribution and properties. J Biol Chem 1976; 251: 5448-56.
[5]. Conlon BA, Law WR. Macrophages are a source of extracellular adenosine deaminase-2 during inflammatory responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 138: 14-20..

Abstract: Introduction : Tracheotomy was first depicted on Egyptian artefacts in 3600 BC [1]. It was described in the Rigveda, a Sanskrit text, Circa 2000 BC [2]. It is believed that an early tracheotomy was performed by Asclepiades of Bithynia, who lived in Rome around 100 BC; Galen and Aretaeus both of whom lived in Rome in the 2nd century AD, credit Asclepiades as being the first physician to perform a non-emergency tracheotomy [3]. Upper Airway obstruction has been one of the most accepted indication for tracheostomy our study details the various specific causes..........

[1]. Sittig SE, Pringnitz JE (2001) Tracheostomy: Evolution of an airway. AARC Times 48-561.
[2]. Rajesh O, Meher R (2006) Historical Review of Tracheostomy. The Internet Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 4.
[3]. Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Shaha AR, Bradley PJ (2003) Percutaneous tracheotomy. ActaOtolaryngol 123: 1008-1012.
[4]. Taicher S, Givol N, Peleg M, Ardekian L (1996) Changing indications for tracheostomy in maxillofacial trauma. J Oral MaxillofacSurg 54: 292-295.
[5]. S. B. Amarnath, V. Chandrasekhar, G. Sreenivas, S. Deviprasad, V. Ravindranath Tagore, G. Priyanka. "Emergency Tracheostomy: Our Experience". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2015; Vol. 4, Issue 44, June 01; Page: 7652-7657, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/1111...

Abstract: INTRODUCTION : Mastalgia accounts for about 50 % of the benign breast . A number of drugs have been introduced in the treatment of mastalgia ,still debate continues about the drug of choice. MATERIAL & MTHODS : This was a prospective study done on 100 patients , who were either given EPO or ormeloxifene for 6 months .Patients were followed up upto 1 year . OBSERVATION & RESULT : There was a significant difference in the pain relief obtained in group of patients taking ormeloxifene . CONCLUSION : Ormeloxifene can be the drug of choice in mastalgia of benign origin ........

Keywords : Mastalgia , ormeloxifene , evening primrose oil ,

[1]. Bansal V : Efficacy of Sevista (ormeloxifene ) in the treatment of mastalgia and fibrocystic disease. Int J Reprod,Contracept Obstet Gynaecol.2015 Aug;4(4);1057-1060 .
[2]. S Das : A Concise Textbook of Surgery ;5th edition (page 700 )33
[3]. N Thakur : Use of EPO in treatment of mastalgia . The Internat Journal of Surgery VOL 24;Mastalgia .
[4]. Wikipedia
[5]. Dhar A, Srivastava A : World J Surg 2007 Jun;31 ( 6 ): 1178-84
[6]. Seema Khanna ,Dayanand Gupta :Comparative evaluation of the role of centchroman in benign breast disease Int J of Biomed Res 40 :

Abstract: Aim - The study aimed to evaluate in-vitro fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with different core build up materials. Method-36 non-carious intact human maxillary premolars were collected and endodontically treated except negative control group and were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 12 teeth each. Group 1-negative control; Group 2- Endodontically treated teethrestored with MultiCore Flow dual core composite;Group 3- Endodontically treated teeth restored with LuxaCore Z dual cure composite containing zirconium filler particles. Fracture strength testing was performed using universal testing machine. The results were statistically analysed and fracture pattern were examined under light microscope to determine the level of fracture...........

[1]. Eapen AM, Amirtharaj LV, Sanjeev K, Mahalaxmi S. Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Restored with 2 Different Fiber-reinforced Composite and 2 Conventional Composite Resin Core Buildup Materials: An In Vitro Study. Journal of endodontics. 2017 Sep 1;43(9):1499-504.
[2]. Panitiwat P, Salimee P. Effect of different composite core materials on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with FRC posts. Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2017 Apr;25(2):203-10.
[3]. Wagnild GW, Mueller KI. Restoration of the endodontically treated tooth. In: Choen S, Burns RC,eds. Pathways of the Pulp, 8th ed. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby;2002:765-95
[4]. Eliades GC, Caputo AA. The strength of layering technique in visible light – cured composites. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1989 Jan 1;61:31-8.
[5]. Garoushi S, Mangoush E, Vallittu M, Lassila L. Short fibre reinforced composite: a new alternative for direct onlay restorations. The open dentistry journal.2013;7:181

Abstract: The management of fractures of shaft tibia has always been a challenge to the Orthopaedic surgeons. The significant increase in the number of cases is noted due to increase in incidence of high velocity road traffic accidents resulting in fractures of shaft tibia in young adults. Various modalities of internal and external fixation have been tried to get the best possible results but no single method has given best results.Out of the various modalities primary interlocking nailing has minimal damage to the soft tissues. The purpose.......

[1]. Weber, D. (2009). What is the Best Treatment for Open Fractures? In Evidence-Based Orthopaedics: The Best Answers to Clinical Questions (pp. 313–316). Elsevier Inc. -1Evidence-Based Orthopaedics.
[2]. Faschingbauer, M., Meiners, J., Schulz, A.P. Klaus-D, Rudolf, Benjamin K.Read Onlineet al. Operative Treatment and Soft Tissue Management of Open Distal Tibial Fractures – Pitfalls and Results .European Journal of Trauma and Emergency SurgeryDecember 2009, Volume 35, Issue 6, pp 527–531
[3]. Pankaj Kumar, Shobha S Arora, Girishkumar Singh. Treatment of open fracture of tibial shaft comparison of external fixation versus intramedulary nailing as the primary procedure.J.Orthopaedics 2004; 1(3) e3 - Journal of Orthopaedicswww.jortho.org/2004/1/3/e3/index.htm
[4]. Jain V, Aggarwal A, Mehtani A, Jain P, Garg V, Dhaon B K. Primary unreamed intramedullary locked nailing in open fractures of tibia. Indian J Orthop 2005;39:30-2
[5]. Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DNProblems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma. 1984 Aug;24(8):742-6.

Abstract: Diatrict Mental Health Programme envisages integerating mental health care with the primary health care. So the medical officers of the taluk hospitals and primary health centres are trained to identify and diagnose common mental disorders and treat.Two training programmes were conducted and the efficiency of these programmes are evaluated objectively.Assessments were made before and after the training programmes with the help semi structured questionnaire testing their theoritical and clinical knowledge.When the results were analysed there was significant gain in knowledge compared to the pre-test score. Distinction was made between theoritical and clinical..........

[1]. Srinivasamurthy,R. (1989), National Mental Health Programme in India (1982-1989) Mid Point Appraisal, Editorial , Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 4, 267-270.
[2]. Carstairs,G.M. (1973) Psychiatric problems of developing countries, British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 271-273.
[3]. Carstairs,G.M. & Kapur,R.L. (1976) The Great Universe of Kota: Stress, Change and Mental Disorder in an Indian Village. London: Hogerth Press.
[4]. DGHS (1982a) national Mental Health Program for India, New Delhi: Director General of Health Services.
[5]. Giel, R & Harding, T.W. (1976) Psychiatric priorities in developing countries . British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 513-522.

Abstract: Rabies[1],is a fatal zoonotic viral encephalitis, caused by Rabies virus, of Family Lyssavirus, of family Rhabdoviridiae. Known since past 4000yrs in literature, Rabies is said to be responsible, for around 50,000 human deaths ,annually, globally, and prevalent in all continents, except Antarctica. With India, having the highest rate of Human Rabies, in the world (about 1/3rd global burden). Varying from less than 10 Days to More than 6 years, most common Incubation period is between 3-14 weeks, with closer the inoculation site to CNS , faster the manifestation.RABV , can infect several types of cells, commonly, skeletal muscle cells, and Fibroblasts, at the site of inoculation, and after several replication cycles, penetrates peripheral nerves, and spreads to CNS, by Retrograde Axonal Transport, and then further by both axonal and post-synaptic...........

[1]. IV Kuzmin and C E Rupprecht, Centres for Disease control and prevention, Atlanta USA. 2008 Elseviser Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology
[2]. Mohd. ZubairYousaf, Mohd. Qasim, Rabis molecular biology, Virology journal 2012
[3]. Consales CA, J. Venol. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop Dis. Vol 13 no. 1 Botucatu 2007

Abstract: Introduction: Periodic monitoring of X-ray equipment quality control parameters is very important to ensure precision and accuracy of radiographic tests. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the compliance of some quality control (QC) parameters of some conventional X-ray equipment to a known standard. Settings and Design: Setting was in Nigeria and a cross sectional design was used. Method and Material: Material used was a non-invasive digital multifunctional detector meter (MDM). Three facilities were selected from.........

Keywords: Quality control, Compliance, X-ray, Standard and measurement

[1]. Nickoloff E.L, X-ray quality control program, John G. Webster, Medical devices and Instrumentation, Vol 6, 2nd ed. Canada, A John Wiley & sons Inc, 2002: 560-590.
[2]. Oluwafisoye PA, Olowookere CJ, Jibiri NN, Bello TO, Alausa SK and Efunwole HO. Quality Control and environmental assessment of equipment used in diagnostic radiology. IJRRAS. 2010; 3: 148-159.
[3]. Akaagerger NB, Tyovenda AA, and Ujah FO. Evaluation of Quality Control Parameters of Half Value Layer, Beam Alignment and Collimator Test Tools on Diagnostic X-Ray Machines, IJST. 2015; 4 : 273-278
[4]. Inyang SO, Egbe NO, Inyang IS, Oshi DO. Baseline survey of level of quality control in medical radiology in Cross River State, Nigeria, Pol J Med Phys Eng, 2010; 16: 97-106

[5]. Akpochafor MO, Akintayo DO, Kofoworola OS, Adeneye SO, Aweda MA, Ajayi HB. Assessment of peak kilovoltage accuracy in ten selected X‑ray centers in Lagos metropolis, South‑Western Nigeria: A quality control test to determine energy output accuracy of an X‑ray generator, JHRR, 2016; 3: 60-65.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to determine the factors involved in the spontaneous healing and to profile the various etiologies of traumatic tympanic membrane (TM) perforation. METHOD –A Prospective study was performed on 70 cases of traumatic perforation in Dept of ENT , JL.N.M.CH BHAGALPUR from January 2010 to march 2013. RESULTS:A total 70 patients with traumatic TM perforations were enrolled in the study. The group consisted of 46 male and 18 female patients. It affected all with the highest incidence among middle age group .. The types of trauma included compression injury, blast injury , and instrumental injury . The causes of conflict by a slap or a fist were spouse or lover (52%), parents and sibling (3%), school teachers (4%), schoolmate (12%), state police and prisoner (7%), and blow against..........

[1]. Griffin WL Jr. A retrospective study of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations in a clinical practice. Laryngoscope 1979;89 (2 Pt 1):261‑82.
[2]. Ott MC, Lundy LB. Tympanic membrane perforation in adults. How to manage, when to refer. Postgrad Med 2001;110:81‑4.
[3]. Peter JK, Paul HK. Principle of trauma In Byron J Bailey Head and Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology. (3rd edn), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers; 2001.
[4]. Ritenour AE, Wickley A, Ritenour JS, Kriete BR, Blackbourne LH, Holcomb JB, et al. Tympanic membrane perforation and hearing loss from blast overpressure in operation enduring freedom and operation Iraqi freedom wounded. J Trauma 2008;64 2 Suppl:S174‑8.

Abstract: Malariais a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and Africa as a whole and a menace to humanity in the tropical regions of the world, yetproperdiagnosisof thisdeadlydiseaseposes a great challenge to mostendemicnations of the world. In view of this, astudywasdone to determine the performance characteristics of two commercially available Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits; CTK Onsite and SD Bioline relative to Giemsa-stained blood film microscopy within Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria. A total of 400(226 males and 174 females) subjects between the ages of 11 and 60years were recruited for this study at the Out Patients Department..........

Keywords –Blood film, Malaria, Microscopy, Performance Characteristics, RDT.

[1]. WHO, 2017. World Health Organisation.Malaria Fact Sheet 2016.Geneva, Switzerland.
[2]. Iqbal, A., Qureshi, A.H. and Ghazal, L. (2016). Evaluation of Immunochromatographic Assay and Microscopy of Peripheral Blood Film for Malaria Diagnosis.Journal of Islamabad Medical and Dental College, 5(1):21-25.
[3]. WHO, (2015). Guidelines for the treatment of Malaria.3rd Edition. Geneva, Switzerland.
[4]. Chhatriwala, M., Patel, B., Shah, R., Shaikh, N., Gokani, R. and Nilawar, A. (2014). Prognostic value of serum C-Reactive Protein in Malaria. International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research, 5(10): 513-515.
[5]. Nduka, F.O., Egbu, A., Okafor, C. and Nwango, V.O. (2006). Prevalence of malaria parasites and anaemia in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Aba and OkigweTowns of South East, Nigeria.Animal Research International, 3(3): 508-512.

Abstract: Background: Worldwide, viral hepatitis causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis A & E viruses are important causes. Objectives: To assess prevalence of both the viruses in AVH patients. Materials and Methods: A 2-years study was conducted (April 2011-March, 2013) on 191 AVH patients of all ages and belonging to both the sexes. The serum samples were analyzed for IgM anti-HAV and IgM anti-HEV by ELISA. Results: Seroprevalence of HAV- and HEV- were 27.23% and 6.81%; HAV was predominant in the age group of 0-10 years (18/52-34.61%). HEV infection was seen in all the age groups with maximum prevalence in age group 21-30 years. Conclusion: Screening for HAV and HEV is of immense importance for vaccination and sanitation programmes..

Key Words: - Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, AVH-acute viral hepatitis, ELISA.

[1]. Khuroo MS : Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis – may be another possibility of human hepatitis virus distinct from post transfusion non-A, non-B type, Am. J. Med. 1980; 68 : 818-824.
[2]. Micheal OF and Harold SM: Hepatitis E virus infection-an enterically transmitted cause of hepatitis, Emerging Infections 1999; 3: 1-16.
[3]. Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 15 th ed.; 2001. p. 1694-710. 4. Seeger C, Zoulin F, and Mason WS: Hepadna viruses.In: Fields Virology, 5th ed., 2007; Knipe DM et al (editors). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
[4]. Siegl G : Hepatitis A and E enterically transmitted virus infections of the liver, Ther. Umsch. 2004; 61(8) :481-6.
[5]. Radhakrishnan S, Raghuraman S, Abraham P, Kurian G, chandy G and Sridharan G : Prevalence of enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses in patients attending a tertiary-care hospital in south India, Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol.2000; 43 (4): 433-6.

Abstract: Crown lengthening is a common procedure performed by restorative dentists. Crown lengthening aimed at removal of periodontal tissue to increase the clinical crown height. In this case report we have lengthen the crown surgically. Before using this technique of crown lengthening we need to understand the biological width, indications and contra indication, other treatment options, surgical procedure , as well as the prognosis and the follow up of specific case.

Key Words: Biologic width, Dentogingival complex, Osteotomy

......

Abstract: A pilonidal Sinus is a Sinus tract Which Commonly Contains hairs a it is acquired rather than a Congenital disorder patient Complains of intermittent pain, swelling and bloody discharged at the base of spine, with or without mild constitutional symptoms. patient complaining of discomfort with sitting on tailbone during sitting or during riding vehicles.Its incidence commonly seen in long route drivers. In mild case treatment includes antibiotic therapy hot compression and application of depilatory cream but the more common course of treatment is surgical because of its chronicity. Pilonidal sinus is easily diagnosed by the typical location of the midline pits behind the anus overlying the sacrum and coccyx. Most sinuses are directed cephalic and lateral opening are characteristic if previous episodes of sepsis have occurred..

[1]. NHS Choices for pilonidal sinus treatment
[2]. Sternberg, Jeffrey. "what is pilonidal diseas". Retrived November 14, 2014
[3]. "Pilonidal Cyst: Cauese". Mayo Clinic. December 5, 2012. Retrived February 8, 2013.
[4]. Bascom, John: Bascon, Thomas (October 2002) "Failed Pilonidal Surgery". Archives of Surgery.
[5]. 137 (10): 1146-50. Doi:10.1001/archsurg. 137.10.1146. PMID 12361421.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE – To evaluate the efficacy, safety & associated complications of percutaneous ethanol ablation(PEA) in the treatment of thyroid colloid cyst. MATERIAL & METHODS – USG of the thyroid gland was performed in 30 patients with complaints of thyroid swelling ( 22females and 8 males ) with 20 complex cysts and 10 pure cysts which underwent USG-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) and cytology to rule out any malignant etiology . Sterile Ethanol was injected into the cyst under USG guidance. The amount of ethanol injected was about 50% of the amount of aspirated fluid. The alcohol......

[1]. Bennedbæk Finn Noe And Hegedu Laszlo ¨ S: Treatment of Recurrent Thyroid Cysts with Ethanol:A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial ; J Clin Endocrinol Metab, December 2003, 88(12):5773–5777.
[2]. Yasuda K, Ozaki O, Sugino K, Yamashita T, Toshima K, Ito K. Treatment of cystic lesions of the thyroid by ethanol instillation. World J Surg 1992;16:958–961.
[3]. Verde G, Papini E, Pacella CM, et al. Ultrasound guided percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of cystic thyroid nodules. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:719–724.
[4]. Edmonds CJ, Telle ZM. Thyroid cysts and their managements. Br Med J 1987;295:529-33.
[5]. Rozman B, Bence-Zigman Z, Tomic-Brzac H, Skreb F, Pavlinovic Z, Simonovic I. Sclerosation of thyroid cysts by ethanol. Periodicum Biologorum 1989;91:1116-8.

Abstract: Complete disinfection of the root canal system is of utmost importance to achieve a successful root canal treatment, the main objective is the elimination of the bacteria from the infected root canals.RadixEntomolaris is a tooth having a third root which is distolingual to the distal root. In 1844 Carabelli described about this kind of variation in mandibular molar.The purpose of this article is to describe the management of a case with a Radix Entomolaris..

[1]. PriyankaSarangi and Veerendra M Uppin.Mandibular First Molar with a Radix Entomolaris: An Endodontic Dilemma. J Dent (Tehran). 2014 Jan; 11(1): 118–122. [2]. Carabelli G. SystematischesHandbuch der Zahnheilkunde. 2nd ed. Vol. 1844. Vienna: Braumuller und Seidel; p. 114.
[3]. AmitParashar, ShikhaGupta ,AbhishekZingade and ShashiParashar. The Radix Entomolaris and Paramolaris: A Review and Case Reports with Clinical Implications. J Interdiscipl Med Dent Sci 2015, 3:1
[4]. Vertucci FJ (1984) Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 58: 589-599.
[5]. Barker BC, Parsons KC, Mills PR, Williams GL (1974) Anatomy of root canals. III. Permanent mandibular molars. Aust Dent J 19: 408-413.

Abstract: Pheochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine tumour arising from adrenal glands.It is a catecholamine-secreting tumor of chromaffin cells which is located in the adrenals causing episodic/paroxysmal hypertension. 10 percent of all pheochromocytomas occur in children . The incidence of pheochromocytoma is 2 to 8 per million people per year.Hereby presenting a case report on pheochromocytoma in a 11 year old child with review on its literature.

Keywords: Pheochromocytoma,catecholamine,chromaffin cells,adrenals

[1]. Stein PP, Black HR. A simplified diagnostic approach to pheochromocytoma.A review of the literature and report of one instituuion's experience. Medicine (Baltimore) 1991; 70:46
[2]. Pacak K,Linehan WM, Eisenhofer G, et al. Recent advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:135
[3]. Beard CM, Sheps SG, Kurland LT, et al. Occurence of pheochromocytoma in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1979. Mayo Clin Proc 1983;58:802
[4]. Guerrero MA, Schreinemakers JM, Vriens MR, et al. Clinical spectrum of pheochromocytoma. J am Coll Surg 2009;209:707. [5]. Pick L. Das Ganglioma embryonale sympathicum (Sympathoma embryonale), eine typisch bosartige Geschwulstform des sympathischen Nervensystems. Klin Wochenschr. 1912;49:16–22

Abstract: The placenta is one organ which forms before the fetus and is the fore runner of the fetal growth from implantation till parturition1. It persists throughout gestation and leaves the uterus only after the delivery of the fetus. Both the placenta and the fetus are associated with one another from formation of the zygote to the birth of the fetus. Hence both are together known as the feto placental unit. They grow together and also both work in tandem under the influence of many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. There definitely should be a correlation between both and could help measuring the growth of one based on the other. Different ethnicities and different populations2 can present with different proportion of weights and this is an attempt to measure the same in the population of South India. The present study was conducted at the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Srikakulam, one of the medical institutes present in the rural areas of North costal Andhra Pradesh, South India.

Keywords: Neonatal birth weight, placental weight, feto-placental ratio

[1]. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC, III, Wenstrom KD. Williams Obstetrics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw- Hill; 2005. Implantation, embryogenesis and placental development; pp. 39–90.

[2]. Reagan PB, Salsberry PJ. Race and ethnic differences in determinants of preterm birth in the USA: broadening the social context. SocSci Med 2005; 60: 2217-28.

[3]. Leary SD, Godfrey KM, Greenaway LJ, Davill VA, Fall CH. Contribution of the umbilical cord and membranes to untrimmed placental weight. Placenta. 2003;24:276–8. [PubMed]

[4]. Yetter JF. Examination of the Placenta. Am Fam Physician1998; 57(5):1045-54.

[5]. Adinma JI, Agbai AO. Foetal birth weight in Africa. J ObstetGynaecol. 1995;15:295–7.