iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-11 ~ November-2018

Abstract: Background: Although vitamin D deficiency has been documented as a frequent problem in studies of young adults, elderly persons and children in other countries and also in our country, there are limited data on the prevalence of this nutritional deficiency among healthy female adolescents in the North Eastern part of our country particularly in the state of Manipur. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in healthy female adolescents of Manipur aged 11 to 19 years. Material and Methods: A Cross sectional study conducted in the department of Physiology, RIMS, Imphal and from selected schools of........

KEYWORDS: Healthy female adolescents, Vitamin D sufficiency, insufficiency and deficiency.

[1]. Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implication for health. Mayo Clinic Proc J 2006 March; 81 (3): P 353–373.
[2]. Best CH, Taylor NB. Vitamin D Structure and Biosynthesis. In: Tandon OP, Tripathi Y, editors. Best and Taylor's text book of Physiology. 13th ed. Gurgaon: Wolters Kluwer (India); 2012 P 882-3.
[3]. DeLucaa HF. History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites. BoneKEy Rep 2014; 3: 479.
[4]. En.wikipedia. Vitamin D. Available from URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin D. Accessed October 03 2018.
[5]. Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am Soc for ClinNutr 2008; 87 (4): 1080S – 1086S.

Abstract: Thyroid-like follicular carcinoma of the kidney(TLFCK), is a rare and recently described subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) till now only 27 cases reported in the literature. An extremely rare tumor with low malignant potential and exhibits morphologic features that strikingly resemble primary follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland. A 70 years old male presented to our department with complaints of left flank pain and nausea since 15days. CECT abdomen and pelvis revealed a single well defined, large mildly enhancing mass lesion in the lower pole of left kidney with solid and cystic components. Radical nephrectomy was done. Microscopy and IHC confirmed the diagnosis of TLFCK.

Keywords: Follicular carcinoma like rcc, Fuhrman's grade, thyroidisation,metastasis,radical nephrectomy.

[1]. B. Ljungberg, N. Cowan, D. C. Hanbury, H. Mora, M. A. Kuczyk, A. S. Merseburger et al., ―Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma,‖ Uroweb, 2012, http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/ NEW09 Renal Cell Carcinoma LR.pdf.
[2]. J. N. Eble, G. Sauter, J. I. Epstein et al., Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs, World Health Organization Classification of Tumours, IARC Press,Lyon,France,2004.
[3]. Amin MB, Michal M, Radhakrishnan A, et al. Primary thyroid-like follicular carcinoma of the kidney: a histologically distinctive primary renal epithelial tumor. Mod Pathol. 2004;137A
[4]. Liang Dong, MD, Jiayu Huang et al., Thyroid-Like Follicular Carcinoma of the Kidney in a Patient with Skull and Meningeal Metastasis. Medicine clinical case reports.Volume 95, Number 15, April 2016. DOI: 10.1097/ MD.0000000000003314
[5]. H.G.Laberke,KlingebielTh.,andG.Quack,―Acontributionto themorphologyandpathogenesisofthyroid-likelesionsinthe kidney,‖ Pathology Research and Practice, vol. 176, no. 2–4, pp. 284–296,1983.

Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this review was to compare the effects of different materials used as intraorifice barriers on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots obturated with gutta-percha. Material and methods: Electronic searches were performed in the Pubmed and Scopus databases using relevant keywords. Textbook searching was also applied. Following selection, articles were fully reviewed to ensure that they met inclusion/ exclusion criteria. Results: The root reinforcement abilities of a wide variety of restorative materials used as intraorifice barriers have been investigated, assessed and compared within the dental literature. Conclusion:The placement of an intra-orifice barrier can be regarded as beneficial for the reinforcement of an endodontically treated teeth.

Key Words: Intra-orifice barriers,Endodontically treated teeth, fracture resistance Composite resin, Glass ionomer.

[1]. Fuss Z, Lustig J, Tamse A. Prevalance of vertical root fractures in extracted endodontically treated teeth. Int Endod J. 1999;32:283–6.
[2]. Caplan DJ, Weintraub JA. Factors related to loss of root canal filled teeth. J Public Health Dent. 1997;57:31–9.
[3]. KarapinarKazandag M, Sunay H, Tanalp J, Bayirli G. Fracture resistance of roots using different canal filling systems. Int Endod J. 2009;42:705–10.
[4]. Monga P, Sharma V, Kumar S. Comparison of fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth using different coronal restorative materials: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2009;12:154–9.
[5]. Bassir MM, Labibzadeh A, Mollaverdi F. The effect of amount of lost tooth structure and restorative technique on fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars. J Conserv Dent. 2013;16:413–7.

Abstract: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM), the infection of the middle ear, has been recognized since prehistoric times. It is characterized by intermittent or persistent purulent discharge through a perforated tympanic membrane for more than 2 weeks and the unsafe variety may be associated with cholesteatoma,canal wall down mastoidectomy is significantly superior to the intact canal wall technique in visualizing and clearance of middle ear pathology.our study is prospective study carried out over a period of 3 years from July 2014 to July 2017 in Department of ENT,Gandhi Medical college, Secunderabad. All patients included under this study are selected from patients attending..........

[1]. Hulka GF and McElveen JT Jr: A randomised blinded study of canal wall up versus canal wall down mastoidectomy determining the differences in viewing middle ear anatomy and pathology. Am J Otol 1998, 19(5):574-578.
[2]. Gupta Vineeta, Gupta Abhay, Sivarajan K, Chronic suppurativeotitis media: an aerobic microbiological study. Indian journal of otology 1998; 4(2):79-82
[3]. VartiainenEero, Changes in the clinical presentation ofchronic suppurative otitis media from the 1970s to the 1990s. J LaryngolOtol 1998; 112:1034-37.
[4]. Paparella M, Kim, Mastoidectomy update. Laryngoscope 1977; 87: 1977-88.
[5]. Edelstein R David, Parisier Simon, Ahuja Gurpreet, Juarbe Charles, Chute Patricia, WenigShula, KayeSteven, Cholesteatoma in the paediatric age group, Ann OtolRhinolLaryngol 1988; 97:23-29.

Abstract: Introduction: Filariasis is a major public health problem in tropical countries, including India. A majority of infected individuals in filarial endemic communities are asymptomatic. The absolute eosinophil count (AEC) is known to have a good predictive value in the management of filariasis. Aims and Objectives: We aim to study the various haematological parameters and ascertain the predictive value of AEC in the detection of filariasis. We have also studied the pattern of presentation of the parasite on blood smears with respect to periodicity and its localisation in the smear. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital between the period of 2 years from September 2015 to August 2017. A total of 88 smear positive filarial patients and a control group of 100 patients of fever who were smear negative on three occasions were included. Hemoglobin..........

Key words: microfilaria, Wuchereria bancrofti, absolute eosinophil count.

[1]. Shastry S. Microfilaria in thyroid aspirate-An unusual finding. Thyroid Res and Pract. 2014 ;11:26-8.
[2]. Musso D. Relevance of the eosinophil blood count in bancroftian filariasis as a screening tool for the treatment. Pathogens and Global Health 2013;107:96-102.
[3]. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: Progress report on mass drug administration. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2011; 86:377–88.
[4]. Molyneux DH, Hotez PJ, Fenwick A. Rapid-impact interventions:How a policy of integrated control for Africa's neglected tropical diseases could benefit the poor?. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e336.
[5]. Ramaiah KD, Das PK, Michael E, Guyatt H. The economic burden of lymphatic filariasis in India. Parasitol Today 2000; 16:251–3.

Abstract: Aim: To study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in antenatal women attending antenatal OPD.The association of thyroid dysfunction in relation to: Demographic profile, parity, gestational age, maternal weight and maternal medical disorders like diabetes mellitus on thyroid dysfunction. Background: Thyroid disorders are the second most common endocrinal disorders in pregnancy. Overt hypothyroidism is seen in 0.3-0.5% of the pregnancies. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism is seen in 2-3% of the pregnant women. Hyperthyroidism is seen in 0.1-0.4% of the pregnant women. It has long been recognized that maternal thyroid hormone excess or deficiency can influence the outcome for mother and fetus at all stages of pregnancy.......

Key words: Thyroid dysfunction, subclinical hypothyroidism, Thyroid screening in pregnancy.

[1]. E-Medicine from Web-MD---Medical problems in pregnancy.
[2]. National Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Information Service.
[3]. Fogsi focus 2006.
[4]. Thyroid disease-High Risk Pregnancy Management Options by D.K.James et al.
[5]. Progress in obstetrics and gynecology ,John Studd, vol. 15.

Abstract: Beta thalassemia trait is a variant of beta thalassemia, which is a heterozygous state with features of mild anaemia, hypochromic microcytic red cells and elevated HbA2.Distal renal tubular acidosis (type I RTA) is an important cause of rachitic deformities, failure to thrive and hypokalemia.It ischaracterised by persistent severe metabolic acidosis. The proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate is normal. Persistant acidosis and hypercalciuria leads to nephrocalcinosis.

Key words: Beta thalassemia trait, Distal renal tubular acidosis (type I), Failure to thrive,Nephrocalcinosis, Rachitic deformities.

[1]. Pediatric nephrology ,Arvind Bagga 5th edition page no 302,303
[2]. Nelson Textbook of paediatrics ,20th edition ,page 2529
[3]. Aldudak B, Karabay Bayazit A, Noyan A, et al. Renal function in paediatric patients with beta-thalassemia major. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15(1-2):109-12.
[4]. Cetin T, Oktenli C, Ozgurtas T, et al. Renaltubular dysfunction in beta-thalassemia minor.Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42(6):1164-8.
[5]. Oktenli C, Bulucu F. Renal tubular dysfunction in a patient with beta-thalassemia minor. Nephron 2002;92(1):222-3.

Abstract: Introduction : HIV/AIDS has turned out into global pandemic. There were approximately 36.7 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2016. Of these, 2.1 million were children (<15 years old). An estimated 1.8 million individuals worldwide became newly infected with HIV in 2016 i.e. about 5,000 new infections per day. Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre (ICTC) data can guide in identifying the various risk groups for priority targeted interventions to reduce the burden of HIV transmission in the community. Objective: To study the risk behaviors and socio-demographic characteristics of attendees who tested HIV positive. Methodology : A record based retrospective study was conducted on the 117 attendees who tested HIV positive at the ICTC between July 2017 to June 2018. For record analysis Chi-square and other tests were employed using SPSS software package..........

Key Words : HIV, ICTC, HIV positive, HIV serostatus.

[1]. Park K., Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 18th edition, M/s Banarasidas Bhanot Publishers, Jabalpur-482001
[2]. WHO/UNAIDS. AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2007. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV-data.
[3]. Annual Report 2013–14. Department of AIDS Control. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, 2015; p. 11. Available from http://naco.gov.in/upload/2014%20mslns/ NACO_English%202013-14.pdf [Accessed on 09.07.2018].
[4]. Valdiserri RO, Moore M, Gerber AR, Campbell CH, Dillon BA Jr, West GR. A study of Clients returning for counseling after HIV testing: implications for improving rates of return. Public Health Rep 1993; 108: 12-8
[5]. A Kumar, P Kumar, M Gupta, A Kamath, A Maheshwar, S Singh. Profile of clients tested HIV positive in a voluntary counseling and testing centre of a district hospital, Udupi, South Kannada. Indian J of Community Med 2008; 33 (3): 156-9.

Abstract: AIM : To identify the post operative complications in children so that we can take measures to improve the surgical technique and post op care. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in Government ENT Hospital of Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam from April 2016 to March 2018 ,for a period of two years. We have selected children between 6 to 12 years of age for this study. Pre opertive examination was done in all, for ear, nose and throat specially for adenoiditis, tonsillitis, any gross deviated nasal septum and allergic rhinitis. Ear was examined including pinna for type of perforation, any granulations and polyps and ossicular chain. Tuning fork test and Pure tone audiometry were also done . Under general...........

KEY WORDS: Tympanoplasty , mastoidectomy, CSOM, conductive deafness.

[1]. Bluestone C, Cantekan E, Douglas G.eustachian tube function related to the results of tympanoplasty in children.Laryngoscope 1979:89:450-8.

[2]. Dr.Khaled Mahmud,Prof.M.N. faruque, Dr.K.A.Faizal A study of type 1 tympanoplasty in perforated ear drum.,J.Dhaka National Med .Col.Hosp.2012; 18(02):14-16
[3]. Lau T,Tos M, Tympanoplasty in children :An analysis of late results, Am J Otol 1986; 7:55-9
[4]. Yung M, Neumann C, Vowlar S .,A longitudinal study on pediatric myringoplasty.Otol Neurotol 2007; 28:353-5
[5]. Gupta N, Mishra R, tympanoplasty in children.Indian J otol Head and neck Surg., 2002; 54:271-3.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION:Subfertility affects 15% of the couple who seek to attain a pregnancy and a male contribution is identified in 20-15% of the cases. In majority,no identifiable cause can be detected. The recent trend of overweight and obesity in men of reproductive age is rising at an alarming rate and this study aims to assess the association between BMI, Central obesity, Oxidative Stress and Sperm quality in men visiting infertility clinic. Materials and Methods:286 males between the age20-45 yrs were selected as our subject. They were grouped according to fertility. 155 infertileand 131 fertile males are grouped as A and B respectively. Their BMI and waistcircumference were.....

Key words: Body Mass Index(BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Overweight, Central Obesity, Sperm Parameters. Oxidative Stress, Subfertility.

[1]. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N et al, Global, regional and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a sysmatic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2014; 384:766-81.
[2]. MacDonald AA, Herbison GP, Showell M, Ferguhar CM. The impact of the body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis: Hum Reprod Update 2016; 16:293-311.
[3]. Treeds kJ, de Rooj JDG, Keijer J. Functional relationship between obesity and male reproduction: from humans to animal model. Hum Repro Update 2011; 17: 667-83.
[4]. Du Plessiss SS, Cabler S, McAlister DA, Sabanegh E, Agarwal A, The effect of obesity on sperm disorder and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7: 153-161.
[5]. EversJL.Female subfertility. Lancet 2002;360:151-159.

Abstract: Mental health is one of the important aspects in one's life apart from physical, spiritual and financial well being. A healthy mind is believed to be a key in achieving satisfaction in an individual's life and it helps a person to cope with the normal stresses of everyday life, work efficiently and make a positive contribution to the society. Psychiatry is a relatively new specialty as compared to other branches of the medical sciences. Undergraduate medical students have been found to have multiple lacunae in their knowledge toward psychiatry, psychiatric disorders, psychiatric patients and psychiatric treatment. Adequate exposure to the subject of psychiatry is necessary through didactic lectures, clinical postings and case discussions to dispel these apprehensions, fears and misinformed notions concerning the subject and approach to psychiatric patients............

[1]. Rajagopalan M, Kuruvilla K. Medical student‟s attitudes towards psychiatry: Effect of a two week posting. Ind J Psy. 1994 ; 36(4): 177–182.

[2]. Araya RI, Jadresic E, Wilkinson G. Medical students' attitudes to psychiatry in Chile.Med Edu 1992;26(2):153-156

[3]. Alexander PJ, Kumaraswamy N. Senior medical students‟ attitude towards psychiatry: Relationship with career interest. Ind J Psy 1993;35(4):221-224

[4]. Baptista Y, Perez CS, Mendez L, Esqueda L. The attitudes toward psychiatry of physicians and medical students in Venezuela. Acta Psy Scand 1993;88(1):53-59

[5]. Rao TSS, Rao KN, Rudrappa DA, Reddy DR. Medical students attitudes to psychiatry. Ind J Psy Med 1989;12:29-35...

Abstract: Treatment of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome(SRNS) imposes one of the most difficult problems on nephrologists. IntraVenous Methyl Prednisolone(IVMP) is considered as one of the treatments of choice for children with oral steroid resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. We reviewed the clinical outcome in children with SRNS not responding to Tacrolimus under intravenous methyl prednisolone treatment. A total of 32 children presented with SRNS during the period from January 2011 to December 2017. Mean age of patients was 7.9 (Range- 4 to 9 years). Renal Biopsy was done in 12 out of 32 children which showed Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in 8 patients, 2 patients had Minimal Change Disease (MCD), another 2 had Diffuse Mesangial Proliferation............

Key Words: Children, IV Methyl Prednisolone, Steroid Resistance, Tacrolimus.

[1]. Eddy AA, Symons JM. Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet 2003; 362 : 629-39.
[2]. Elzouki AY, Amin F, Jaiswal OP. Primary nephrotic syndrome in Arab children. Arch Dis Child. 1984;59:253–5.
[3]. Sharples PM, Poulton J, White RH. Steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome is more common in Asians. Arch Dis Child. 1985;60:1014–7.
[4]. Feehally J, Kendell NP, Swift PG, Walls J. High incidence of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in Asians. Arch Dis Child.1985;60:1018–20.
[5]. International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change neprotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. J Pediatr 1981, 98: 561-564

Abstract: Preventing torture in custody and ensuring compliance of its guidelines in custodial deaths is one of the Important agenda. Sudden and unexpected death in custody is commonly associated with allegations of torture against law enforcement agencies. Delay in providing basic medical care is one of the commonest allegations by the relatives against jail authorities. In this study we analyzed the pattern of custodial deaths that had been brought to the mortuary at RIMS, Ranchi for medico legal autopsy and have suggested few preventive measures to reduce morbidity as well as mortality among prisoners.

Key words: Torture, Custody, prisoner, autopsy, Natural Death

[1]. Custody. The free dictionary by Farlex [internet] [cited 2013 Jan 22]. Available from: http://legal-dictionary.therfreedictinoary.com/custody
[2]. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Act 10 of 1994, with Amendment Act, 2006. Springbron RR. Outlook: Death in custody. Department of Justice Criminal Justice Statistics Centre, California May 2005.
[3]. Recommendations of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. [internet] cited on 2013 May 18]. Available at: http://www.alrm.org.au/information/Genral%20information/Royal%20Commission%20into%20boriginal%20Death%20in%20Custody.pdf.
[4]. SeenaFazel et al. Natural deaths in male prisoners: a 20-year mortality study. European Journal of Public Health. 2005; 16 (4):441-444.
[5]. Math, Suresh Bada et al. Mind Imprisoned Mental Health Care in Prisons. Bangalore: National Institute of Mental Health Neuro Sciences; 2011. [internet] cited on 2013 April 05). Available from: http://www.nimhans.kar.nic.in/prison/chapter_2-h_h_in_prisons.pdf..

Abstract: Dabigatran is a novel antithrombin anticoagulant that was approved by the FDA in 2010 to be used for the prevention of stroke and venous embolism in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. In this article, we present a case of a 74-year-old Caucasian female who presented to the Emergency Department with acute lower GI bleeding and acute metabolic encephalopathy. The patient INR was 15.4, besides other labs abnormalities. The patient was found to have an acute live injury and acute renal failure that was believed to be induced by the recent start of Dabigatran to treat he Atrial fibrillation (AF). Patient condition improved with stopping the Dabigatran (Pradaxa) immediately, administering FFP, and Hemodialysis.

[1]. Friedman, R. J., Dahl, O. E., Rosencher, N., Caprini, J. A., Kurth, A. A., Francis, C. W., Clemens, A., et al. (2010). Dabigatran versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip or knee arthroplasty: a pooled analysis of three trials. Thrombosis research, 126(3), 175-182.
[2]. Connolly, S. J., Ezekowitz, M. D., Yusuf, S., Eikelboom, J., Oldgren, J., Parekh, A., Pogue, J., et al. (2009). Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.The New England journal of medicine, 361(12), 1139-1151.
[3]. Rochwerg, B., Xenodemetropoulos, T., Crowther, M., & Spyropoulos, A. (2012). Dabigatran-Induced Acute Hepatitis. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 18(5), 549-50.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different times and exposure time of different solutions on coloration. Material and Method: In this study, 60 pieces of 13 mm diameter and 1.5 mm thick composite blocks were used. Five different solutions (tea, coffee, cola, red wine and distilled water) were used for the staining procedure. Samples were analyzed by using spectrophotometer and color changes according to the time and solutions they were kept in the solutions. Color values of each sample kept in solutions for 30 days. 1, 2, 7. On the 21st and 30th days, the color change values (ΔE00) were calculated. Statistical analyzes were performed by comparing the ANOVA in multiple groups with the Bonferonni test in paired comparisons, when the mean values of the data provided normal distribution. Kruskall Wallis and Mann Whitney-U test were used for nonparametric conditions............

Key words:Coloration, composite, solution.

[1]. Dayangaç, B. (2011). Kompozit Restorasyonlar: Quintessence Yayıncılık.
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[3]. Buonocore, M. G. 1955. "A Simple Method of Increasing the Adhesion of Acrylic Filling Materials to Enamel Surfaces." Journal of Dental Research 34 (6): 849–53.
[4]. Bowen, R. L. 1965. "Adhesive Bonding of Various Materials to Hard Tooth Tissues. III. Bonding to Dentin Improved by Pretreatment and the Use of Surface-Active Comonomer." Journal of Dental Research 44 (5): 903–5.
[5]. Celı̇k, Esra Uzer, Akin Aladağ, L. Şebnem Türkün, and Gökhan Yilmaz. 2011. "Color Changes of Dental Resin Composites before and after Polymerization and Storage in Water." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry: Official Publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et Al.] 23 (3): 179–88..

Abstract: Sirenomeliasympusdipus or mermaid syndrome is a rare and fatal congenital condition, which is not associated with chromosomal anomalies. The fusion of the lower extremities characterizes it to form one single lower limb, sacral and pelvic bony anomalies, absent external genitalia, imperforate anus, and renal agenesis or dysgenesis and its etiology remains unclear. There are approximately 300 cases reported in the literature. This syndrome is incompatible with life due to the association of several congenital visceral abnormalities. Our case was a live born, normally delivered by assisted breech vaginal delivery at preterm by a 19-year-old second gravida of lower socioeconomic status. Examination of the baby revealed caudal dysgenesis having fusion of lower limbs. The extremities and both feet were fused with webbing of the toes and absence of external genitalia and anus. The baby died minutes after birth and we report this case due to its rarity and term live birth.

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[3]. Kshirsagar VY, Ahmed M, Colaco SM. Sirenomelia Apus: A Rare Deformity. J ClinNeonatol. 2012 Jul-Sep;3(1):146-8.
[4]. Duhamel B. From the mermaid to anal imperforation: The syndrome of caudal regression. Arch Dis Child. 1961; 36:152-155.
[5]. Stevenson RE, Jones KL, Phelan MC, Jones MC, Barr M Jr, et al. Vascular steal: the pathogenetic mechanism producing sirenomelia and associated defects of the viscera and soft tissues. Pediatrics. 1986 Sep;78(3):451-7.