iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2015

Abstract: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is deployed by many service providers in their IPv4 networks. Service providers want to introduce IPv6 services to their customers, but changes to their existing IPv4 infrastructure can be expensive and the cost benefit for a small amount of IPv6 traffic does not make economic sense. This paper presents a comparative study between MPLS, ipv4, and ipv6 over voice.

Keywords: Mpls, Ipv4, Ipv6,delay, traffic dropped, traffic in out, throughput and utilization

1] Ioan Raicu, Sherali Zeadally, "Evaluating Ipv4 To Ipv6 Transition Mechanisms", IEEE International Conference On Telecommunications 2003, ICT'2003, Volume 2, Feb 2003, Pp 1091 - 1098.
[2] J. L. Shah, J. Parvez, "Performance Evaluation Of Applications In Manual 6in4 Tunneling And Native Ipv6/Ipv4 Environments", 2014 International Conference On Control, Instrumentation, Communication And Computational Technologies (ICCICCT), Pp 782 - 786.
[3] Ghaida A. Algadi, Amin B. A. Mustafa, "Comparison Between Ipv4 And Using Opnet Simulator", IOSR Journal Of Engineering (IOSR. JEN), Volume 4, Issue 08, August 2014, Pp 44 - 50.
[4] Nousyba H. Abu Algasim, Amin B. A. Mustafa, "Ipv4 To Ipv6 Migration", International Journal Of Engineering And Technology Research (IJETR), Issue 11, Volume2, November 2014, Pp 181 - 183.
[5] R. Yunos, N. M. Noor, S. A. Ahmad, "Performance Evaluation Between Ipv4 And Ipv6 On MPLS Linux Platform" , International Conference On Information Retrieval & Knowledge Management, (CAMP), 2010, Pp 204-208, March 17-18 2010, Http://Ir.Uitm.Edu.My/687/1/NOR_ASYIKIN_ABU_BAKAR_06_24.Pdf

Abstract: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard is used for low rate, low power consumption and low cost wireless sensor network applications. This standard has an attractive feature for real time application by providing Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) Mechanism. By applying this mechanism, this standard gives real time guaranty to deliver the time critical data. The GTS is started in the Beacon-enabled mode based on the superframe structure which is defined by PAN-Coordinator. A node has to use at least one whole GTS in a transmission. However, it is not necessary that each node fully utilise its transmission capacity in a particular time slot if the packet arrival rate is too small. Hence, bandwidth utilisation is reduced.

[1]. IEEE Std 802.15.4-2996, September, Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), IEEE, 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieee802.org/15
[2]. Holger Karl and Andreas Willig, "Protocolsand Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks." John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-09510-5.
[3]. Anis Koubâa, Mário Alves, Eduardo Tovar, "IEEE 802.15.4 for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Technical Overview".www.hurray.isep.ipp.pt. Technical Report.
[4]. Pangun Park, Carlo Fischione, Karl Henrik Johansson, "Performance analysis of GTS allocation in Beacon Enabled IEEE 802.15.4", Proceeding SECON‟09 Proceedings of th 6th Annaul IEEE communications society conference on Sensor,Mesh and Ad Hoc communications and Networks Pages 431-439.
[5]. Anis Koubâa, Mário Alves, Eduardo Tovar,André Cunha, "An implicit GTS allocation mechanism in IEEE 802.15.4 for time-sensitive wireless sensor networks: theory and practice", Real-Time Syst (2008) 39: 169–204, DOI 10.1007/s11241-007-9038-x.

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network is a wireless network of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. It provides a bridge between real physical and virtual worlds. In spite of its wide range of potential application to industry, science, transportation and security; it poses security threats at different layers. In this paper different types of attacks in network layer are examined and existing solutions were discussed. Some open research issues are also presented.

Keywords: Network Layer; Security; Wireless Sensor Network.

[1]. "Environmental and Temperature Monitoring", Centrak.
[2]. F.Akyildilz, W. Su. Y. Sankrasubramaniyam and E. Cayirci, "A Survey on Sensor Networks", IEEE Communication Magazine, 40(8): 102 – 114, August 2002.
[3]. Erdal Cayirci and Chenming Rong, "Security in Wireless Adhoc and Sensor Networks", A John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Publication, 2009.
[4]. Y.Hu, A.Perig and D. Johnson, "Wormhole Attack in Wireless Networks", IEEE JSAC, Vol 24,no. 2, Feb. 2006.
[5]. D.Raffo et al, "Securing OLSR Using Node Locations", proc. 2005. Euro, Wireless, Nicosia, Cyprus, Apr. 10-13, 2005.
[6]. L. Qian, N. Song and X. Li, "Detecting and Locating Wormhole Attack in Wireless Adhoc Network Through Statistical Analysis of Muitipath",IEEE, Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.'05.

Abstract: It is well known that narrow beams are produced for maximum directivity, small beam width from a line source of specified length meeting desired side-lobe levels. However, side-lobe suppression may not be required in all the directions for certain applications. The generated patterns are useful for point to point communication and high resolution radars, but they have limited use in the marine radars where pitch and roll of the ship exists. There are some situations where the array associated with the radar operating from a ship requires asymmetric Sum and Difference patterns to take care of pitch and roll of the ship in turbulent seas. This particular application demands the generation of patterns with asymmetrical side-lobes adjacent to the main lobe.

[1] C.L. Dolph, "A current distribution for broadside arrays which optimizes the relationship between beam width and side lobe level," Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, pp. 335, 1946. [2] T.T. Taylor, "Design of line source antennas for narrow beam width and low side lobes," IRE transactions on Antennas Propagation, Vol. AP-8, pp. 17-32,June 1960. [3] A. T. Villeneuve, "Taylor patterns for discrete arrays," IEEE transactions on Antennas Propagations, Vol. AP-16, pp. 430-435, July 1968. [4] R.S. Elliott and G.J. Stern, "A new technique for shaped beam synthesis of equispaced arrays," IEEE transactions on Antennas Propagations, Vol. AP-32, pp. 1129-1133, October 1984. [5] C.A. Olen and R.T. Compton, Jr., "A numerical pattern synthesis algorithm for arrays," IEEE transactions on Antennas propagations, Vol. AP-38, pp. 1666-1676, 1990,.

Abstract: In recent years the state of art semiconductor technology has motivated engineers across the globe to design devices having dimensions in nanoscale regime. At this scale minima, the transport within the device is dominated by quantum mechanics. This paper reviews threeimportant variants of Non-equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) used for modellingquantum transport within nanostructures.

[1]. International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Available at: http://www.itrs.net/about.html
[2]. Supriyo Datta, Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995
[3]. S. Datta, Quantum Phenomen, Addison-Wesley, 1989. P.
[4]. Z. Ren, R. Venugopal, S. Goasguen, S. Datta, and M. S. Lundstrom, "nanoMOS 2.5: A Two-dimensional simulator for quantum transport in Double-gate MOSFETs," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 50, pp. 1914–1925, Sep. 2003.
[5]. V. Sverdlov, H. Kosina and S. Selberherr. "Modeling current transport in ultra-scaled field-effect transistors," Microelec. Reliab., vol. 47, pp. 11–19, 2007
[6]. S. Datta, "Nanoscale device modeling: the Green‟s function method," Superlatt. Microstruc., vol. 28, pp. 253-278, 2000

Abstract: Digital multipliers, the most important part which is used to implement most of the digital processing and arithmetic applications such as Filters, FFT's, etc. As the rapid developments in technology required, many researchers are going to design multipliers which offers an efficient design aspects with respect to the speed and power consumption. Digital multipliers are one of the most essential arithmetic functional units. The overall performance of these systems depends on the multiplier's throughput. The negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) effect occurs when a pMOS transistor is under negative bias (Vgs = −Vdd), which results the increase in the threshold voltage of the pMOS transistor, hence the delay in the multiplier is increased.

[1] Lin.I.C., Cho.Y.H. and Yang.Y.M., Aging-Aware Reliable Multiplier Design With Adaptive Hold Logic, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI) Systems, 23(3), 2015, 544-556.
[2] S.Zafar, A. Kumar, E. Gusev, and E. Cartier, Threshold voltage instabilities in high-k gate dielectric stack,IEEE Trans. Device Mater, 5(1), 2005, 45–64.
[3] Yang, Hao.I, Shyh.Chyiyang, Wei Hwang and Ching Te Chuang, Impacts of NBTI/PBTI on Timing Control Circuits and Degradation Tolerant Design in Nanoscale CMOS SRAM, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, 58(6), 2011, 1239-1251.
[4] Calimera.A, Macii.E. and Poncino.M., Design Techniques for NBTI-Tolerant Power-Gating Architectures, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II, 59(4),2012,249- 253.
[5] Paul.B.C., Kunhyuk Kang, Kufluoglu.H., Alam.M.A. and Roy.K., Impact of NBTI on the temporal performance degradation of digital circuits, IEEE Transactions on Electron Device Letters, 26(8), 2005, 560-562.

Abstract: Hierarchical routing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a very important topic that has been attracting the research community in the last decade. Typical hierarchical routing is called clustering routing, in which the network is divided into multiple clusters. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Some types of atypical hierarchical routing includes chain-based,tree-based,grid-based routing and area-based routing. The most representative atypical hierarchical routing protocols are described, and qualitatively compared. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of different atypical hierarchical routing protocols are analyzed.

Index Terms: area-based, atypical hierarchical routing, chain-based, grid-based, tree-based, Wireless sensor networks.

[1]. Xuxun Liu, "Atypical Hierarchical Routing Protocols for WSN:A Review",IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 15, No. 10, October 2015
[2]. I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E.
[3]. Cayirci,"Wireless sensor networks: A survey," Comput. Netw., vol. 38, no. 4,pp. 393–422, Mar. 2002.
[4]. G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. Di Francesco, and A.
[5]. Passarella, "Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey," Ad Hoc Netw.,vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 537–568, May 2009.
[6]. Kemal Akkaya, Mohamed Younis, " A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks", Ad Hoc Networks vol. 3, pp. 325–349,September 2003

Abstract: This paper presents a performance comparison between the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) protocols using network simulator OPNET V14.5. The article describes the behavior of MPLS and OSPF protocols and important parameters for each protocol. The network simulator OPNET is employed to simulate throughput, delay, and utilization parameters of the network on each protocol.
Keywords: - MPLS; OSPF; OPNET. Throughput, Delay andUtilization

[1] Link-state routing protocol, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-state_routing_protocol, accessed November 10, 2015.
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[4] George Swallow, "MPLS Advantages for Traffic Engineering", Communications Magazine, IEEE (Volume:37 , Issue: 12 ),
pp54-57, 1999

Abstract: Boundary detection is essential for a variety of computer vision tasks such as segmentation and recognition. We propose a unified formulation for boundary detection, with closed-form solution, which is applicable to the localization of different types of boundaries, such as intensity edges and occlusion boundaries from video and RGB-D cameras. Our algorithm simultaneously combines low- and mid-level image representations, in a single eigenvalue problem, and we solve over an infinite set of putative boundary orientations. Moreover, our method achieves state of the art results at a significantly lower computational cost than current methods. We also propose a novel method for soft-segmentation that can be used in conjunction with our boundary detection algorithm and improve its accuracy at a negligible extra computational cost.

Keywords: boubdary, edges, localization, segmentation

[1] C. Fowlkes, D. Martin, and J. Malik, "Learning Affinity Functionsfor Image Segmentation: Combining Patch-Based and Gradient-Based Approaches," Proc. IEEE CS Conf. ComputerPattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 54-61, June 2003.

[2] M.P. Kumar, P. Torr, and A. Zisserman, "Objcut: EfficientSegmentation Using Top-Down and Bottom-Up Cues," IEEETrans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 32, no. 3,pp. 530-545, Mar. 2010.

[3] S.E. Palmer, Vision Science:Photons to Phenomenology. The MITPress, 1999. [4] S. Osher and J.A. Sethian, "Fronts Propagation with CurvatureDependent Speed: Algorithms Based on Hamilton-Jacobi For-mulations," J. Computational Physics, vol. 79, pp. 12-49, 1988.

Abstract: In this paper we propose a conical shaped slotted monopole antenna for multiband application. The antenna is small sized, lightweight, and low cost offers multiband operation which is useful for S-band, C-band, and X- band applications. This proposed geometry size is 20 × 20 𝑚𝑚2 with 1.6mm thickness. Radiating patch is printed on cost effective 1.6mm thick FR4 dielectric material which is fed by 4mm long microstrip line. IE3D is efficiently utilized for designing and analyzing this antenna. Fabricated proposed prototype offers four bands which are 3.35 to 3.75GHz, 5.1 to 5.25GHz, 6.85 to 7.1GHz, and 9.55 to 9.7GHz. These find applications in S, C, and X-bands. Measured results fairly agree with simulated values.

Index Terms: Microstrip antenna, Monopole antenna, Multi-bands antenna.

[1]. M. J. Ammann and Z.N. Chen, "Wideband monopole antennas for multi-band wireless systems," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 146–150, 2003.
[2]. J. Anguera, C. Puente, C. Borja, and J. Soler, "Dual-frequency broadband-stacked microstrip antenna using a reactive loading and a fractal-shaped radiating edge," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 6, pp. 309–312, 2007.
[3]. J. Q. Howell, "Microstrip antennas," in Proceedings of the Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 10, pp. 177–180, 1972.
[4]. D.M. Pozar and D.H. Schaubert, Microstrip Antennas: The Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, JohnWiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1995.
[5]. M. H. Ullah, M. T. Islam, and J. S. Mandeep, "Aparametric study of high dielectric material substrate for small antenna design," International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 193–198, 2013.
[6]. H. Liu, C. Ku, and C. Yang, "Novel CPW-fed planar monopole antenna for WiMAX/WLAN applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 9, pp. 240–243, 2010.

Abstract: With the increase in service demand in wireless network, new quality oriented communication approach are in need. In the process of wireless communication, user mobility is of greater importance. As the users are moved at a random fashion, the impact of offered quality of service is degraded. Towards providing quality of service in mobility scenario an improved QoE based communication model, under user mobility in random mode is proposed. Wherein QoE coding was used as a traffic control mechanism for service level coding, the offered blockage is neglected. Under heterogeneous condition with node mobility, is highly affected. The effect of mobility on the offered quality of service under heterogeneous nodes is developed. The offered quality of service for the communication network, under variant data traffic forwarding condition is observed to be improved.

Keywords: Quality of service, wireless network, random mobility, traffic blockage control

[1] Christian Schindelhauer, "Mobility in Wireless Networks", J. Wiedermann et al. (Eds.): SOFSEM 2006, LNCS 3831, pp. 100–116, 2006. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006. [2] Ian F. Akyildiz, Jiang Xie, andShantidevMohanty, "A Survey of Mobility Management In Next-Generation All-IP-Based Wireless Systems", IEEE Wireless Communications, August 2004 IEEE. [3] Chiwetalu Barth. N. &Nwachi-Ikpor, Juliana O, "Handoff Management: A Critical Function in MobilityManagement for Fourth Generation (4G) Wireless Networks", Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology: ENetwork, Web & SecurityVolume 14 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2014 [4] Pramod Kumar P1, Thirupathi V2, Monica D, "Enhancements in Mobility Management forFuture Wireless Networks", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication EngineeringVol. 2, Issue 2, February 2013 [5] Mr. P.Thirunavukkarasu, Ms. P.IreneBerilYazhini, "Efficient Mobility Management in DifferentWireless Network for Continuous Flow ofInformation", International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, Special Issue 3, April 2014 [6] Irfan Ali, "Network-Based Mobility Managementin the Evolved 3GPP Core Network", IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2009

Abstract: The 5G wireless technology is based upon modified 4G, which at present is facing many problems to meet its performance goals. The comparison between 4G and 5G wireless technology in relation to its speed, frequency band, switching design basis and forward error correction is studied. The 5G wireless technology helps to solve the problems of poor coverage, bad interconnectivity, poor quality of service and flexibility. An ideal 5G wireless technology to accommodate the challenges and shortfalls of 4G deployments is discussed as well as the significant system improvements on the earlier wireless technologies. The importance of the comparative study is estimated for a speed and effective connection and communication of devices like wireless devices and other hardware. Keywords: 5G, MIMO Antenna, Wireless communication, PIFA (Planar Inverted F Antenna), FR4 (Fire Retard 4)

[1] NEC Corporation White Paper -2015

[2] S.Venkata Krishna Kumar and Poornima.T.V, "A Study of Wireless Mobile Technology‟ International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 1,January 2014 .

[3] Dr. Krishna Mohanta and Dr.V.Khanaa, "4G TECHNOLOGY" International Journal Of engineering And Computer ,Volume 2, Issue 2, Feb 2013.

[4] Amir Esmailpour, Veljko Knezevic, Mariaracias, and Gelareh Kokabian, "Integration of 4G wireless technologies in a Test-Bed environment‟, International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2013.

[5] Prof. D. U. Adokar and Priti J. Rajput, "Wireless Evolution with 4G Technologies" International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Volume 1, Issue 4, October 2012.

[6] K.Kumaravel , "Comparative Study of 3G and 4G in Mobile Technology‟ JCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 5, No 3, September 2011.

Abstract: The sole objective of the present study is to obtain a more electrical power by tracking the solar panel. In view of the present energy crisis, the world over, the study undertaken is of current interest. Solar energy is rapidly gaining a wide popularity as an important means of expanding renewable energy resources. So it is imperative to those who are engaged in engineering fields to be aware about the technologies associated with this area of research. This paper comprises the testing results of a microcontroller based solar tracker at Etawah in Utter Pradesh,India . In order to maximize the power output from the solar panels, we need to keep the panels aligned with the sun. As per the earlier investigators the yield from the solar panels can be increased by 30-60% by utilizing a tracking system instead of a stationary array. The testing result presented in this paper is in good agreement with the earlier investigators. This paper also summarizes the need of tracking the sun. The future scope of the work presented here is also highlighted in this paper. The microcontroller used in this paper had to be able to convert the analog photocell voltage into digital values and also provide four output
channels to control motor rotation.
Key Words: Sun: Solar Tracking, Microcontroller

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Abstract: Speech was the natural form of human communication. Automatic speech signal generation on computers is commonly called speech synthesis. Speech synthesizer can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded audio speech that was stored in a database memory. Text-to-speech synthesis was an important object in speech interface, which allows low-bandwidth text to supply a user with easy to gain the information. Speech synthesis system has wide range of applications in our daily life. Speech synthesis plays an important role in signal processing. In this paper a Speech synthesized system is designed which is based on microcontroller, a project that performs several commands as defined for the synthesis of the speech signal.
Index Terms: Microcontoller, Control System

[1]. Juang, B.H. Tsuhan Chen, The past, present, and future of speech processing Volume 15, Issue 3, ISSN: 1053-5888, Pages 24-48.
[2]. Henton, Caroline, Challenges and Rewards in Using Parametric or Concatenative Speech synthesis, ISSN: 1381-2416.
[3]. Kim, Jongkuk - Hahn, Hernsoo – Yoon, Uei-Joong-Bae, Myungjin, On a pitch alteration for speech synthesis systems, year 2009,
volume 50, issue 4, pages 435-446, ISSN:0929-6212.
[4]. Rahier, M.C. , Defraeye, P.J. Guebels, P.-P, Patovan, B, A 3 μm NMOS high performance LPC speech synthesizer chip, Volume
18, Issue 3, Pages 349-359, ISSN:0018-9200.
[5]. Henton, Caroline, Challenges and rewards in using parametric or concatenative speech synthesis, Year
[6]. 2002, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 117-131, ISSN: 1381-2416.
[7]. Holfelder, Wieland, Interactive remote recording and playback of multicast videoconferences, Year 1998, Volume 21, Issue 15,
Pages 1285-1294, ISSN: 0140-3664.
[8]. Kim, Jong Kuk-Hahn, Hern Soo-Bae, Myung Jin, On a speech multiple system implementation foe synthesis, year 2009, volume 49,
issue 4, ISSN: 0929-6212..

Abstract: In wireless sensor network, one of the major issues is how to optimize the network lifetime. The network lifetime depends on the life of the nodes that are deployed on the field area where these sensor nodes are left unattended and unmonitored. Most of the energy is consumed by the nodes during communication amongst cluster members and the cluster head. More energy is dissipated while communication as compared to sensing of the data done by sensor nodes. Hence to reduce the communication distance proper selection of cluster head is necessary. Hence a simple technique of smart cluster head selection is implemented on the basic LEACH protocol to enhance its performance by all aspects and sustain the network lifetime.
Keywords: Smart cluster head selection (SCHS), LEACH, energy efficiency, Network lifetime.

[1] Ning Xu, "A Survey of Sensor Network Applications," University of Southern California, Jan. 2004

[2] Asis Kumar Tripathy and Suchismita Chinara," Comparison of Residual Energy-Based Clustering" International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Sensor Networks Volume 2012, Article ID 375026, 10 pages doi:10.5402/2012/375026

[3] V.Pal,R .P.Yadav,"Cluster Head Selection Scheme For Data Centric Wireless Sensor Networks" , Volume 2, PP. 395 - 399, April 2013, Advance Computing Conference (IACC), 2013 IEEE 3rd International

[4] Ossama Younis,et.al.University of Arizona-"Node Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks: Recent Developments and Deployment Challenges"

[5] M. Bani Yassein, A. Al-zou'bi, Y. Khamayseh, W. Mardini," Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network (VLEACH)"

[6] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci, "Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey," Com-puter Networks, Vol. 38, No. 4, 2002, pp. 393-422. doi:10.1016/S1389-1286(01)00302-4