iosr-JECE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are dynamic and self-organized temporary networks which include a set of mobile routers and hosts sharing same radio channel using wireless connections exchanging data without a centralized management. Due to limited transmission range of wireless Adhoc network nodes, multiple hops are usually needed for a node to exchange information with any other node in the network. Thus routing is a crucial issue to the design of a MANET. Optimized Link State Protocol (OLSR) is a table driven proactive routing protocol, with topology information and routes. Its efficiency depends on multipoint relay selection. Various studies were undertaken to decrease control traffic overheads by modifying present OLSR routing protocol. A novel routing protocol for Adhoc networks named as SR-MPOLSR develops from OLSR, incorporating multi-path strategy and source routing controlling scheme. It raises the throughput and drops the average delay. The proposed multipath OLSR for MANETs is based on link quality. It is compared with OLSR and SR-MPOLSR. This new algorithm calculates link quality based multiple routes. Source data transmission is through multiple paths. The experiment includes 50 nodes distributed over a 3 square kilometre area.

Keywords: Mobile Adhoc networks (MANET), Optimized Link State Protocol (OLSR), Quality of Service (QoS) in MANET

[1]. Peacock, B. A. (2007). Connecting the edge: mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) for network centric warfare. AIR UNIV MAXWELL AFB AL.
[2]. Shrivastava, A., Shanmogavel, A. R., Mistry, A., Chander, N., Patlolla, P., &Yadlapalli, V. (2005). Overview of Routing Protocols in MANET's and Enhancements in Reactive Protocols.
[3]. Mueller, S., Tsang, R. P., &Ghosal, D. (2004). Multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks: Issues and challenges. In Performance Tools and Applications to Networked Systems (pp. 209-234). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
[4]. Aleksandr, H. (2004). Comparing AODV and OLSR Routing Protocols. Telecommunication Software and Multimedia Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology. Sjokulla.
[5]. Ali, S., & Ali, A. (2009). Performance analysis of AODV, DSR and OLSR in MANET. In Proceedings on Seventh International Conference on Wireless Systems (p. 34).

Abstract: In conventional cellular systems, each base station (BS) transmits signals intended for a single user in a particular resource allocation. As bandwidth is a scarce resource, effective utilization of the available bandwidth in the system is essential in modern wireless systems especially for applications such as video streaming and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) which demands high data rate. Fortunately since the user's feedback the channel state information to the network, there is an opportunity for the BS to schedule more than one user's data in a single resource allocation by designing pre-coders which beam form the data to the intended user. This technique which is called multi-user multiple-input and multiple-output (MU-MIMO) is adopted to investigate an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based downlink transmission scheme. We develop a analogous fast iterative truncation algorithm (FITRA) and display statistical results to exhibit tremendous PAR-reduction capabilities. The significantly condensed linearity necessities ultimately empower the routine of low-cost RF components for the large-scale MU-MIMO-OFDM downlink. We show that there is a strong preference for obtaining high-quality feedback, and that obtaining near-perfect channel information from as many receivers as possible provides a significantly larger sum rate than collecting a few feedback bits from a large number of users. Keywords: BS, MU-MIMO, OFDM, PAR

[1]. Aboulnasr Hassanien, "Phased-MIMO Radar: A Tradeoff Between Phased-Array and MIMO Radars," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 58, NO. 6, JUNE 2010
[2]. E. Brookner, "Phased-Array Radars," Sci. Am. 252(2), 1985, pp. 94–102.
[3]. E. Fishler, A. Haimovich, R. Blum, L. J. Cimini, D. Chizhik and R. Valenzuela, "Spatial Diversity in Radars – Models and Detection Performance", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 54, no. 3, pp.823-838, Mar. 2006
[4]. N.H. Lehman, E. Fishler, A.M. Haimovich, R.S. Blum, D. Chizhik, L.J. Cimini, R. Valenzuela, "Evaluation Of Transmit Diversity In MIMO-Radar Direction Finding", IEEE Transactions On Signal Processing, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 2215-2225, May 2007
[5]. D.R. Fuhrman and G.S. Antonio, "Transmit Beamforming For MIMO Radar Systems Using Partial Signal Correlation", Proc. 38thAsilomar Conf. Signals, Syst. Comput., vol. 1, pp. 295-299, Nov.2004

Abstract: Due to increase in aggregation of vehicles at the road junctions and to avoid accidents at times, there is a need for a smart traffic light controller which can detect vehicle density on the road. This proposal involves image acquisition, vehicle detection and vehicle density through progressive image processing operations applied on the captured images using MATLAB. For multiple road implementations, we use a movable web-camera controlled by a stepper motor and data is stored and further extended for embedded applications. Smart Traffic Control can be achieved by Image acquisition, Edge detection, Image Enhancement techniques and Traffic Regulation.

Keywords: Edge detection, Image Enhancement, Vehicle detection.

[1] Digital image processing by Gonzalez.
[2] Digital Signal Processing By Ramesh Babu.
[3] Intelligent Transportation Systems Video Detection and Monitoring Solutions For Traffic Applications
[4] Promila Sinhmar "Intelligent Traffic Light & Density Control UsingIr Sensors And Microcontroller".
[5] Pallavi Choudekar "Real Time Traffic Light Control Using Image Processing

Abstract: Knee joint is the largest anatomical joint within the human body which facilitates the ease of movement from one place to another. Osteoarthritis (OA), a common debilitating disease afflicting over 71 million people globally, is poorly understood and a treatment to slow, halt, or reverse the disease progression remains elusive. It is characterized by the degeneration of the articular cartilage in joints. Image segmentation is the fundamental step to analyze images and extract data from them. Segmentation process also helps to find region of interest in a particular image. This paper addresses various image segmentation techniques, evaluating them and presents the characteristics related to those techniques. Also the segmentation of knee joint and future work are mentioned.

Keywords - Image Segmentation, knee, knee segmentation, Osteoarthritis

[1] Robert Toth; Anant Madabhushi, Multifeature Landmark-Free Active Appearance Models: Application to Prostate MRI Segmentation, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 31, no. 8, August 2012.
[2] Martin A. Lindquist; Cun-Hui Zhang; Gary Glover; Lawrence Shepp; Qing X. Yang, A Generalization of the Two-Dimensional Prolate Spheroidal Wave Function Method for Non rectilinear MRI Data Acquisition Methods, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 15, no. 9, September 2006.
[3] Wolfgang Wirth; Felix Eckstein, A Technique for Regional Analysis of Femorotibial Cartilage Thickness Based on Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 27, no. 6, June 2008.
[4] Tomos G. Williams; Automatic Segmentation of Bones and Inter-Image Anatomical Correspondence By Volumetric Statistical Modelling Of Knee MRI, IEEE ISBI 2010.
[5] Peter M.M. Cashman., Richard I. Kitney, Munir A.G. and Mary E.C., Automated techniques for visualization and mapping of articular cartilage in MR images of the osteoarthritic knee: a base technique for the assessment of micro damage and sub micro damage, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience, vol. 1, pp. 42-51, 2002.

Abstract: A time-domain equalizer (TEQ) employed in cascade with the channel yields an actual impulse response that is squatter than the channel impulse response. Time-domain equalization is critical in reducing channel state dimension in maximum likelihood sequence approximation, and inter-carrier and inter-symbol interference in multicarrier systems. This project evaluates two TEQ design methods docile to cost-effective real-time implementation: least mean squared error (LMSE) and extreme shortening SNR (ESSNR) methods. We condense the complexity of computing the matrices in the ESSNR and LMSE designs by a factor of 140 and a factor of 16 (respectively) relative to existing approaches, without degrading performance. We prove that an infinite length ESSNR TEQ with unit norm TEQ constraint is symmetric. A symmetric TEQ halves FIR implementation density, enables parallel training of the frequency-domain equalizer and TEQ, reduces TEQ training complexity by a factor of 4 and doubles the length of the TEQ that can be designed using fixed-point arithmetic, with only a small loss in bit rate. Simulations are presented for designs with a symmetric TEQ or target impulse response.

Keywords: TEQ, LMSE, ESSNR.

[1] J. A. C. Bingham, \Multicarrier modulation for data transmission: An idea whose time has come," IEEE Comm. Magazine, vol. 28, pp. 5{14, May 1990.

[2] T. Starr, J. M. Cio_, and P. J. Silverman, Understanding Digital Subscriber Line Technology. Prentice-Hall PTR, 1999.

[3] J. S. Chow and J. M. Cio_, \A cost-e_ective maximum likelihood receiver for multicarrier systems," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comm., vol. 2, (Chicago, IL), pp. 948{952, June 1992.

[4] J. S. Chow, J. M. Cio_, and J. A. Bingham, \Equalizer training algorithms for multicarrier modulation systems," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comm., vol. 2, (Geneva, Switzerland), pp. 761{765, May 1993.

[5] I. Lee, J. S. Chow, and J. M. Cio_, \Performance evaluation of a fast computation algorithm for the DMT in high-speed subscriber loop," IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Comm., vol. 13, pp. 1564{1570, Dec. 1995.

Abstract: The various benefits of e-loan application services that are implemented by institutions of high learning are linked to its adoption and usage. However, in countries that are in economically transiting state, the adoption rate of these services remains low. This therefore means that its benefits are yet to be fully realized. One of the main reasons for the slow adoption is that many governments have focused majorly on the technical supply-side factors, laying little prominence on the students' perspective of e-loan embracing. Hence little is known about the students' reactions to this new technology dispensation. The effect of this disparity is between what is provided and what is utilized. This paper utilized the Technology Acceptance Model and the signaling theory as pivotal frameworks in an effort to positively understand the factors that would influence the students' desire in using the loaning institutions websites for loan applications. We present the result of a study that was aimed at developing a model for e-loan service acceptance. This is an endeavor to bridge the gap that exists between the technical part of e-loan implementation and the students' perspective of using the offered services. We used the obtained necessities for the model from the investigations that we carried out to modify the Technology Acceptance Model. This new model places weight on student-based considerations for e-loaning. Our results give an insight for loaning institutions on the effective use of e-loaning services as a means of attracting more students to use this service.

Keywords: E-loaning, Technology Acceptance Model, Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use

[1]. D. Hooper, "Getting better all the time", HR Monthly, May 2007.
[2]. H. Sylva, & . Mol, "E-recruitment: A study into applicant perceptions of an online application system", International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17,2009, 311–323.
[3]. Musolix, "How to Apply for HELB; Easy Guide", 2013.
[4]. R. Cober, D. Brown , L. Keeping, & P. Levy , " Recruitment on the net: How do organizational website characteristics influence applicant attraction", Journal of Management , 30 2004, 623-646.
[5]. M. Gilbert & A. Elizabeth, "Adoption of E-tax services in Uganda: The Perspective of the Technology Acceptance Model", Strengthening the Role of ICT in Development, Volume VIII , 2012.
[6]. L. Thompson, P. Braddy, &K. Wuensch , " E-recruitment and the benefits of organizational web appeal", Computer in Human Behavior, 24,2008, 2384–2398.

Abstract: The ability of ideal MIMO channels has a high-SNR slope that equals the minimum of the number of transceiver antennas. This work evaluates if this result holds when there are distortions from physical transceiver limitations. We prove analytically that such physical MIMO/SISO channels have a finite upper capacity limit, for any channel distribution and SNR. The high-SNR slope thus collapses to zero. This appears discouraging, but we prove the encouraging result that the relative capacity gain of employing MIMO/SISO is at least as large as with ideal transceivers. The entire results will be shown in MATLAB platform effectively. Keywords: SNR, MIMO, Transceiver limitations, distortions

[1] F. Rusek, D. Persson, B. Lau, E. G. Larsson, T. L. Marzetta, O. Edfors, and F. Tufvesson, ―Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and challenges with very large arrays,‖IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 40–60, Jan. 2013.

[2] M. Kang and M.-S. Alouini, ―Capacity of MIMO Rician channels,‖ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 112–122, Jan. 2006. [21] R. G. Bartle,The Elements of Integration and Lebesgue Measure. Wiley Online Library, 1995.

[3] A. Lozano, A. M. Tulino, and S. Verd´ u, ―Multiple-antenna capacity in the low-power regime,‖ IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2527–2544, Oct. 2003.

[4] Y. Zou, M. Valkama, and M. Renfors, ―Digital compensation of I/Q imbalance effects in space-time coded transmit diversity systems,‖ IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 2496–2508, June 2008

[5] M. Katz and S. Shamai, ―On the capacity-achieving distribution of the discrete-time noncoherent and partially coherent AWGN channels,‖ IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 2257–2270, Oct. 2004.

Abstract: Satellite images are being used in many fields of research. One of the major issues of these types of images is their resolution. In this project, I propose a new satellite image resolution enhancement technique based on the interpolation of the high-frequency sub bands obtained by discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the input image. Resolution of an image has been always an important issue in many image- and video-processing applications, such as video resolution enhancement, feature extraction, and satellite image resolution enhancement. Interpolation in image processing is a method to increase the number of pixels in a digital image. Interpolation has been widely used in many image processing applications, such as facial reconstruction,. The DWT operation results in four decomposed sub band images referred to low- low (LL), low-high (LH), high-low (HL), and high-high (HH). The frequency components of those sub bands cover the full frequency spectrum of the original image. The proposed resolution enhancement technique uses DWT to decompose the input image into different sub bands. Then, the high-frequency sub band images and the input low-resolution image have been interpolated, followed by combining all these images to generate a new resolution enhanced image by using inverse DWT. In order to achieve a sharper image, an intermediate stage for estimating the high frequency sub bands has been proposed.

Index Terms: Discrete wavelet transform (DWT), interpola- tion, satellite image resolution enhancement, wavelet zero padding (WZP).

[1]. H. Demirel, G. Anbarjafari, and S. Izadpanahi, ―Improved motion-based localized super resolution technique using discrete wavelet transform for low resolution video enhancement,‖ in Proc. 17th EUSIPCO, Edinburgh, U.K., Aug. 2009, pp. 1097–1101.
[2]. T. Celik, C. Direkoglu, H. Ozkaramanli, H. Demirel, and M. Uyguroglu, ―Region-based super-resolution aided facial feature extraction from low- resolution video sequences,‖ in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Philadelphia, PA, Mar. 2005, vol. II, pp.789-792.
[3]. H. Demirel and G. Anbarjafari, ―Satellite image resolution enhancement using complex wavelet transform,‖ IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 123–126, Jan. 2010.
[4]. L. Yi-bo, X. Hong, and Z. Sen-yue, ―The wrinkle generation method for facial reconstruction based on extraction of partition wrinkle line features and fractal interpolation,‖ in Proc. 4th ICIG, Aug. 22–24, 2007, pp. 933–937.
[5]. Y. Rener J. Wei, and C.Ken,―Downsample-based multiple description coding and post-processing of decoding,‖ in Proc.27th CCC, Jul. 16–18, 2008, pp. 253–256.

Abstract: This paper deals with the design of a nonlinear controller for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy systems to maintain the current injected into the grid in phase with grid voltage and to regulate the DC link voltage and to extract maximum power point tracking (MPPT).The system configurationincludes a photovoltaic generator, DC-DCconverter, DC-AC inverter coupled to grid network. The controller is designed using thebackstepping control to optimize the PV energy extraction and to achieve unity power factor, the controller is based on an averaged nonlinear state space model of the controlled system. This is carried out via controlling the duty ratio of the DC-DC converter and DC-AC inverter. An integral action was added in order to robustify the controller with respect to parameter variations and disturbances.The synthesis of the regulator wasachieved by having recourse to advanced tools of nonlinearcontrol such as asymptotic stability in the sense of Lyapunov. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated through numerical simulation in terms of delivering maximum power and synchronization of grid current with grid voltage under changes in atmospheric conditions.

Keywords: Grid-connected photovoltaic systems, Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), Unity power factor, Backstepping controller, Asymptotic stability.

[1] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, Optimization of Perturb and Observe maximum power point tracking method,
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions, Vol. 20, n.4, July 2005, pp. 963–973.
[2] Jae Ho Lee; HyunSuBae; Bo Hyung Cho, Advanced Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm with a Variable Step Size, Power
Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPEPEMC 12th International, Sept 2006, pp. 603 – 607.
[3] A. Tariq and M. S. Jami Asghar, Development of an Analog Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Panel,International
IEEE Annual Conference on Power and Electronics and Drives Systems, Vol.1, Jan. 2006, pp.251-255.
[4] NoppornPatcharaprakiti, SuttichaiPremrudeepreechacharn, YosanaiSriuthaisiriwong, Maximum power point tracking using
adaptive fuzzy logic control for grid-connected photovoltaic system, Renewable Energy, Vol 30 n.11, Sept 2005, pp. 1771–1778

Abstract: Beam forming is a signal processing technique used in antenna arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. Phased array radar is very important in modern radar development, and multiple digital beams forming technology is the most significant technology in phased array radar. Digital multiple beam forming on each antenna element about large phased array radar is impossible in processor based digital processing units, because it needs simultaneous processing many A/D channels.In this project we resolve this problem by using a multi array based beam forming technique with multiplexed signal processing unit on FPGA. The conventional technique of completely duplicated hardware and also dynamic reconfiguration does not yield the real time parallel beam processing. The proposed technique employs multiplexed signal processing unit which is time shared for various beam formers. This technique provides simultaneous beams without any compromise on functionality. The scope of the work includes the VHDL modeling of 16 element phased array antenna system and RTL implementation of complex NCO, digital mixer, low pass filter, multiplexers, demultiplexers, ROM for coefficient storage and Multiplier unit. The VHDL simulation of all these blocks shall demonstrate the beam formation for multiple beams. Simulated antenna outputs are used to test the developed beam former. The design is functionally verified by simulating the code in ModelSim from Mentor Graphics. The FPGA synthesis is done using Xilinx ISE tool. The synthesis results of ISE are analyzed for timing and area. The hardware output i.e FPGA output shows on Chipscope pro analyzer

[1]. J. G. McWhirter, "Recursive Least Squares minimization using a Systolic Array"', Proc. SPIE 431, Real-Time Signal Processing VI, pp. 105-112, 1983.
[2]. R. L. Walke, R. W. M. Smith and G . Lightboy, "Architectures for adaptive weight calculation on ASIC and FPGA"', Proc. 33rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, pp 1375-1380, 1999.
[3]. A. Farina, Antenna-Based Signal Processing Techniques for Radar systems, Artech House, 1991.
[4]. S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, 4th Edition, Pearson, ISBN 978-81- 3 17-0869-9, pp 4-22, 20 1 1.
[5]. Virtex-V Data Sheets and Application notes, Xilinx Inc.