IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2015

Abstract: Family members of persons with schizophrenia experience significant distress and burden in the caring process. The illness in itself has high chances of relapse and exacerbations and is often associated with cognitive and social deficits/ disabilities. This compels the family members to devote increased time and energy in the process of providing care and support to their family members with a serious mental illness. The incredible amount of stress experienced by family members, if, not understood and handled carefully, may be so overwhelming that they may be unable to care for themselves or their ill family members. While individual family interventions may also be used, family support groups may be more beneficial in many aspects as it is based on the premise that people with a shared condition come together to help themselves and each other to cope with the problem at hand. Family Support Groups create a platform for family members to discuss and share information regarding the illness, their own distress and burden, seek support and advice from one another and also ensure adherence and overall improvement in their family members with severe mental illness. This study aims to discuss the subjective perception of the care- givers in terms of the benefits by them by being a part of the Family Support Groups facilitated by the Psychiatric Social Work team at IHBAS, a neuro-psychiatric tertiary care hospital.
Key words: caregivers, family support groups, subjective perception.

[1]. Cuijpers, P, The effects of family interventions on relatives' burden: a meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Health, 8(3), 1999, 275- 285.
[2]. Dixon, L., Luckstead, A., Stewart, B., & Delahanty, J, Therapists' contact with family members of persons with severe mental illness in a community treatment program. Psychiatric Services, 51(11), 2000, 1449-1451.
[3]. West, J.C, Wilk, J. E., Olfson, M., Rae, D. S., Marcus, S., Narrow, W. E., et al, Patterns and quality of treatment for patients with schizophrenia in routine psychiatric practice. Psychiatric Services, 56(3), 2005, 283-291.
[4]. Kern S. Robert., Glynn M. Shirley., Horan P. William., and Marder R. Stephen, Psychosocial Treatments to Promote Functional Recovery in Schizophrenia, http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/ issues/ 177484, 2009
[5]. Abramowitz, I.A & Coursey, R.D, Impact of an educational support group on family participants who take care of their schizophrenic relatives, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, (2), 1989, 232-236.

Abstract:The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) of India is most progressive legislation enacted by parliament. This is the flagship program introduced by United Progressive Alliance Government and implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development with primary objective of providing livelihood security to rural poor of Below Poverty Line (BPL) families by providing them at least 100 days guaranteed unskilled manual work in a year. The Act has become the fact of life of rural poor and with the stipulation that 33 percent of the total work will be given to the women it provides the means to raise the socio-economic status of the rural women from BPL families. In this paper by conducting a survey of rural areas of district Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh) and by the in-depth interview of women beneficiaries it is tried to find out that up to what extent MGNREGA is helpful for women empowerment by raising their standard of living through the provision of 100 days guaranteed employment. The paper also highlights the factors influencing the participation of women in the scheme and needs for assessment of institutional and governance system related to the implementation of the scheme particularly the ways through which employment opportunities are offered to women.
Key words: Respondents, Participation, Women Empowerment, Awareness and MGNREGA

[1]. Ahangar, Gowhar, (2014): "Women Empowerment through MGNREGA: A study of block Shahabad of district Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir". National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, Vol. 3.
[2]. Arora, Vinita , Kulshreshtha, L. R. and Upadhyay, V., (2013): "Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: A Unique Scheme for Indian Rural Women". International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, Vol. 3, No. 2.
[3]. Das (2012): " Examining India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): Its Impact and Women's Participation". International Journal of Research in Management. Vol. 6, Issue 2.
[4]. Datta, S. K. and Singh, Krishna, (2012): "Women's Job Participation in and Efficiency of MGNREGA Program-Case Study of a poor district in India". International Journal of Public Administration, 35: 448-457.
[5]. Khera, R. and Nayak, N., (2009): "Women workers and Participation of the NREGA". Economic and Political Weekly.
[6]. Khera, R. and Nayak, N., (2009): "Women workers and Perception of NREGA". Economic and Political Weekly, 44, 49-57

Abstract: A critical appraisal is presented in this paper concerning to comparative legal research in the development of laws within the legal system of a particular country. The emphasis is given on the essential roles of comparative legal research from different aspects of legal branches which co-related to one another. This is closely connected with acceptance of Comparative Law as a legal subject. The analysis is done by viewing the importance of comparative legal research from five (5) main different legal angles of those who involved directly or indirectly with the development of the legal system itself. Such different perspectives are listed as: (i) legal education, (ii) legal scholarship, (iii) legal practice, (iv) practice of the judiciary, and (v) practice of the legislature. Several examples of practices in relation to comparative legal research are taken into account for references, such as from Malaysia, Japan and European countries.

Keywords: Comparative Law, Comparative Legal Research, and Legal Practice.

[1] Annelise Riles, Wigmore's Treasure Box: Comparative Law in the Era of Information, Harvard International Law Journal, 40, Winter 1999, 221-283. [2] Roy Mersky, M. Dunn, J. Dunn, Fundamentals of Legal Research (New York, N.Y.: Foundation Press, 2002), 1.
[3] Kamba, Comparative Law: A Theoretical Framework, ICLQ, 23, 1974, 485.
[4] ―Comparativists‖ is the term used to those who want to compare two or more legal systems.
[5] John Reitz, How to Do Comparative Law, Am. J. Comp. L., 46, 1998, 617.
[6] Igor Stramignoni, The King's One Too Many Eyes: Language, Thought, and Comparative Law, Utah L. Rev., 2, 2002, 739.
[7] Ibid, as at no. 6.
[8] As Prof. Kahn-Freund's opinions in opposing the idea of pragmatism during 18th or 19th centuries in England.
[9] Hessel E. Yntema, Comparative Legal Research: Some Remarks on ―Looking Out of the Cave‖, Michigan Law Review, 54 (7), May, 1956, 899-928.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of teachers' demographic variables on implementation of Information Communication Technology in public secondary schools in Nyeri Central district, Kenya. The dependent variable was implementation of ICT and the independent variables were teachers' teaching experience and training. The research design used was descriptive survey design. The target population was 275 teachers working in 15 public secondary schools in Nyeri Central district. The sampling design was stratified random sampling and sample size was 82 teachers. The study targeted 15 principals of the schools in Nyeri Central district. The data collection tools were questionnaires, interview schedule and observation schedule.

[1]. Abdullah, K.(2009) Barriers to the Successful Integration of ICT in Teaching and Learning Environments: A Review of the Literature. Ghana Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 5 (3), 235-245.
[2]. Albirini, A. (2006). Teachers' attitudes toward information and communication technologies: The case of Syrian EFL Teachers. Computers& Education, 47, 373-398.
[3]. Alhamd, Alotaibi, Motwaly, & Zyadah (2004).Education in Arabia . Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Alroshed press.
[4]. Angers, J. & Machtmes, K. (2005).Context factors, and practices of teachers integrating technology. The Qualitative Report, 10(4), 771-794.
[5]. Becta. (2004). A review of the research literature on barriers to the uptake of ICT by teachers. Retrieved June 10, 2010, from http://partners.becta.org.uk/page_documents/research/barriers.pdf
[6]. Baek, Y.G., Jong, J., & Kim, B. (2008). What makes teachers use of technology in theclassroom? Exploring the factors affecting facilitation of technology with a Korean sample.Computers and Education, vol.50, no. 8, pp. 224-234.
[7]. Balanskat, A., Blamire, R., &Kefala, S. (2006). A review of studies of ICT impact on schools in Europe: European Schoolnet.
[8]. Bauer, J., & Kenton, J. (2005). Toward technology integration in the schools: Why it isn‟t happening. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, vol. 13, no. 4,pp. 519–546.

Abstract: This study sought to establish the role of assistive technologies on quality educational outcomes of students with visual impairment in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study adopted a mixed methods research design. The target population constituted 743 students, 11 principals, 11 deputy principals, and 19 Special Needs teachers making a total of 784. Purposive sampling was used to select 11 principals, 11 deputy principals, 19 SNE teachers and 120 students with visual impairments yielding a total sample size of 161 respondents from secondary schools in Kisumu County. The main research instruments were questionnaires for students and principals and interview guidelines for SNE teachers. Piloting was conducted to determine the validity of research instruments.

[1]. Brook,.S.E (2013).Selecting a sample. Educational Research. 250.
[2]. Cássia Cristiane de Freitas Alves, 1. G. (2009, September). Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas,Brazil. Retrieved 2014, from Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas,Brazil.: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v26n2/07.pdf
[3]. Creswell,J,W.(2003). Research Designs: Qualitative, quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 2nd Edition, Thousand Oarks, CA, Sage.
[4]. Creswell, J.W.(2005). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. Choosing among five approaches ( 2nd Edition) London, Sage Publications.
[5]. Creswell,J.W.,Vicki, L. & Clark, P.(2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research, 2ND Edition, Sage, Publications, Inc.
[6]. Dolan, R. P., Hall, T. E., Bannerjee, M., Chun, E., & Strangman, N. (2005). Applying principles of universal design to test design: The effect of computer-based read-aloud on test performance of high school students with learning disabilities. The Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 3(7). Retrieved August 5, 2006, from http://escholarship.bc.edu/jtla/
[5]. Carabello, L. (2007), "E-procurement can reduce expenses", Healthcare Financial Management, Vol. 55 No. 12, pp. 82-3.

Abstract: This study sought to examine the effect of principals' leadership styles on students' academic performances in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) Examinations in public secondary schools in Homa-bay County, Kenya. The study was premised on a combination of modified Bossert's framework and Pitner's moderated theoretical frameworks which contend that principal's role is influenced by intertwined factors including external antecedent variables and prevailing external environmental conditions. The study had two fold objectives, namely i) assess teachers perceptions regarding their principals leadership styles ii) analyze the relationship between principals leadership styles and students' academic performance. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design.

[[1]. Asunda, R. (1983). "Leadership Behaviour and styles of Secondary School Headteachers in Nairobi." Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of Nairobi.
[2]. Beck, L.G. & Murphy, J. (1993). Understanding the Principalship: Metaphorical Themes 1920s-1990s. New York: Columbia University.
[3]. Bell, L. G. (1992). Managing teams in Secondary Schools. New York: Routledge
[4]. Best, J. W. & Khan, J. V. (2002). Research in Education (8th Ed). New Delhi: Allyn and Bacon.
[5]. Borg, R. W. & Gall, M. D. (1989). Educational Research. New York: Longman.
[6]. Bossert, S., Dwyer, D., Rowan, B. & Lee G. (1982). The instructional management role of the principal. Educational Administration Quarterly, 18 (3), 34-64.
[7]. Bridges, E. M. (1982). Research on the school administrator: The state of art, 1967- 1980. Educational Administration Quarterly, 18 (3), 12-33..

Abstract: The paper explores the level of Attitude towards Entrepreneurship of the Vocational Higher Secondary School business and commerce branch students of Kerala and tests whether significant difference exists in the Attitude towards Entrepreneurship of the Vocational Higher Secondary School Students based on Gender, Parental Occupation and Birth Order. For this purpose, 350 Vocational Higher Secondary School Students from 10 schools of Kerala were selected through stratified sampling method and a Scale on Attitude towards Entrepreneurship for Vocational Higher Secondary School Students was administered to them. The study revealed that a low level of Attitude towards Entrepreneurship exists among the Vocational Higher Secondary School business and commerce branch students of Kerala and Gender-wise, Parental Occupation- wise and Birth Order-wise Vocational Higher Secondary School Students differed significantly in their Attitude towards Entrepreneurship.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial inclination., Vocational Higher Secondary School Students

[1]. Lüthje, C., and Franke, N. Fostering entrepreneurship through university education and training: Lessons from Massachusetts institute of technology. Paper presented at the Conference of the European Academy of Management, 2002.

[2]. Robinson, P.,& Haynes, M. (1991). Entrepreneurship education in America's major universities.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15 (3), 41-52..

Abstract: Cultural dilemmas seem to be everywhere as the world had become a global village due to communication and technological developments and so people come across people of diverse culture, tradition and practice. To be competent and successful in the present business world of electronic communication, transaction, transportation, banking, commerce etc, it becomes a necessity to identify, analyse and reconcile the cultural dilemmas by realizing the cultural adaptive solutions. It also becomes vital to respect the cultural differences as it also involves creating new ways to resolve cultural dilemmas in order to be transculturally competent with the diverse global community. These cultural dilemmas and its differences are depicted in Kiran Desai's The Inheritance of Loss through the character Jemubhai Patel, the embittered retired judge living in a crumbled house. The novel is the remembrance of Jemubhai Patel's journeys, arrivals and departures which brings forth Jemubhai Patel's cultural dilemmas whether to inherit the Indianess or to follow the western ideals. It highlights the bitter experience a man face for his transition to a different culture and the need of the hour is to overcome those differences.

[1]. Desai, Kiran. The Inheritance of Loss, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006.
[2]. Das Sonali, "Kiran Desai‟s The Inheritance of Loss: A Study in Humanism" in The Critical Endeavour. Vol VII, Dec 2006.
[3]. Solanki Sanjay, "Past, Present and Future in The Inheritance of Loss" in The Atlantic Literary Review, Vol 8 No 2, April-June, 2006.
[4]. Ashroft, Bill. Griffiths, Gareth. Tiffinn, Helen. Eds., The Post-colonial Studies Reader, 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.

Abstract: This paper looks at corruption as a diversionary, amorphous and neo-colonial idea used by the West to denigrate African leaders and their achievements after uhuru. "Diversionary" because the term is used as a decoy to mislead African peoples and their leaders. Instead of striving for material democracy and well-being, the Africans are set on an anti-corruption crusade, pursuing mirages of transparency, accountability, good democratic governance as defined for all by the same West. "Good and free" Africans are expected to be seen and heard chasing or challenging their leaders into joining the anti-corruption crusade. The term corruption became fashionable with the decolonization of Africa in the 1960s and thus became synonymous with post-independence African leaders and governments. The term is amorphous in that it has no definite meaning and has different meanings to different people.

[1]. Duodu, C. (November 2009) "Who promotes corruption in Africa?" in New African No. 489.
[2]. Gondo K.T. (2013) "An analysis of perceptions of literature in Zimbabwe: In search of an understanding of literature in Zimbabwe" in Zimbabwe Journal of Teacher Education volume 15 (2).
[3]. Mahoso, T. (2014) "Corruption: Destruction of values" in The Sunday Mail In-Depth (2 – 8 February pD2)
[4]. Mahoso T. (2014) "Corruption, sanctions lack of currency and destabilization" in The Sunday Mail In-Depth (23 February – 1 March pD2 ).
[5]. National Economic Consultative Forum (February 2003) – Report on deliberations of the TNF at Kadoma Ranch Motel.
[6]. National Economic Consultative Forum (undated) – Information file
[7]. Transparency International – Zimbabwe (January – March 2003) Anti-Corruption Now! Volume 2 Issue 1.
[8]. Wutaunashe, A. (2013) Dear Africa – The Call of the African Dream serialized In The Patriot June – December 2014

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the environmental awareness level, attitude of students towards environment and their interest in learning science. The sample used for this research comprises both boys and girls students of Form Four. A total of one hundred (100) students were randomly selected. The data was collected using the Environmental Awareness Scale prepared by the researcher. It was then analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation. The result revealed that, the level of environmental awareness of students is high but moderate interest in learning science. The researcher concluded that Young Environmental Scientist (YES) Program should be adopted by all secondary schools in Terengganu, Malaysia and should be infused in the curriculum.

Key words: Environmental education, environmental awareness, environmental attitude, pollution, Young Environmental Scientist program.

[1]. Arba‟at Hassan, Tajul Ariffan Noordin, and Suriati Sulaiman, (2010).The status on the level of environmental awareness in the concept of sustainable development amongst secondary students. Journal of Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2010), 1276-1280.
[2]. Falak Butool, (2014). Environmental awareness in female secondary school teachers of private schools in Bahraichciy. International Journal of Advanced Researc, 2(4), 564-567.
[3]. Kathryn Wald Hausbeck, Lester W. Milbrath, and Sean M. Enright, (1992). Environmental knowledge, awareness and concern among 11th-grade students: New York State. Journal of Environmental Education, 24(1), 27-34.
[4]. Patel, D.G., and Patel, N.A., (2003). An investigation into the environmental awareness and its enhancement in the secondary school teachers. Prog. Education, LXIX (12), 256-259, 268.
[5]. Sengupta, M., Das, J. and Maji, R.K., 2010. Environmental awareness and environmental related behaviour of twelfth grade students in Kolkata: effects of stream and gender. Anwesa5, 1-8
[6]. Sham, S., (1993a). Environment and development in Malaysia: changing concerns and approaches. ISIS, Centre for Environmental Studies.

Abstract: High poverty level is one of the major developmental challenges facingKisumu County with over 60 percent of the population being poor. The main economic activity in this region has for a long time been farming. The high incidences of poverty level is attributed to several factors ranging from the ever escalating costs of farm inputs, poor distribution and unpredictable rains, poor farming methods resulting to poor crop/livestock production hence low yields and food insecurity, lack of diversified agriculture, environmental degradation, lack of empowerment, HIV/AIDS scourge and low incomes. This calls for farmers to find alternative sources of livelihoods to generate additional income.

[1]. Adventure Kenya, (2011): http://nicheafricaholidays.com/lake-victoria/agro-tourism.html Agritourism.Arkansas; The National Center for Agricultural Law Research and Information of the University of Arkansas School of Law.
[2]. Aikaterini G, Ioannis S, Thanasis K (2001). Is Agrotourism ‗Agro' or ‗Tourism'? Evidence from Agrotourist Holdings in Lesvos,Greece.Antolia: An international Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 12 (1), 6-22.
[3]. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., &Razavieh, A. (2002).Introduction to research in education. (6th ed.) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
[4]. Bernardo, D.,Valentin, L. and Leatherman, J. (2007). Agritourism: if we build it, will they come?
[5]. Bertalafany, von.L (1968). General system theory. New York: braziller.
[6]. Brown DM, Reeder RJ (2007) Farm-Based Recreation: A Statistical Profile. Economic Research Report.
[7]. Che D., Veeck A., Veeck G.(2005), Sustaining production and strengthening the Agritourism product: linkages among Michigan agritourism destinations, Agriculture and Human values, vol.22, pp. 225-234

Abstract: The Dam project as probably the most development initiative of modern civilization manages the water for the economic development of nation-state worldwide. However, it brings forth a mixed consequence of water's use, abuse, power and pollution worldwide. The project usually tends to have some appropriate ends to achieve and means to attain these through different strategies and procedural processes that mostly include land acquisition, displacement, compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation starting from its commencement to its end or throughout the construction of the project. However, the project authorities by using these processual strategies take their rights to displace people from their hearths and homes but without having a qualm of introspection that the project displaced people hardly have their rights to development after displacement. However, the resettlement and rehabilitation policy seems to be resolving the crisis of human displacement versus economic development but to what extent it does remains a significant research query. Our overviews on Dam projects reveal a divergence thesis of human displacement versus economic development for the possibility of their convergence. In this context, the displacement projects in Odisha have been undergoing lots of changes and challenges in the last several decades. The paper analyses the Dam project caused land acquisition and related resettlement and rehabilitation issues in Odisha. The annals of such studies will help rectifying the problems related to resettlement and rehabilitation issues in the country.

Key Words: Dam Project, Land Acquisition, Compensation, Resettlement, Rehabilitation

[1]. W.C. Robinson, Risk and Rights: the Causes, Consequences and Challenges of Development Induced Displacement, (Washington D.C: Brookings Institutions-SAIS project on Internal Displacement, 2003)
[2]. World Commission on Dam (WCD), Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision Making. (London/ Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2000).
[3]. M. M. Cernea, "Risks, Safeguards and Reconstruction: A Model for Population Displacement and Resettlement‟, in Michael M.Cernea and Christopher McDowell (eds.) Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees, (Washington, D.C: The World Bank, 2000)
[4]. B.Terminski, Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks And Current Challenges (Geneva, 2013)
[5]. J. Dreze, Samson M., Singh S. (eds.), The Dam and the Nation: Displacement and Resettlement in the Narmada Valley, (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997)