IOSR-JHSS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2015

Abstract: The quest for democracy, good governance and national development by the Nigerian state since the country's political independence in 1960 has suffered serious setbacks, which has engaged the attention of scholars and students of Nigeria's political history; and administrators alike. Many have attributed the country's setbacks and lack of progress to poor leadership. It is argued that the problem of leadership if not tackled has the potential to derail the country's quest and aspiration for an enduring democracy, good governance and development. It is in consideration of the importance of the subject that this paper seeks to examine the challenges of leadership in Nigeria to enable an understanding of its nature and implications for the goal of sustainable democracy, good governance and development in the country. This is with a view to making appropriate recommendations to address the leadership challenges such that the 21st century Nigeria will not follow suit, the lost of 20th century.

Keywords: Democracy; Good Governance; Development; Challenge; and Leadership.

[1]. Abdallah, N. M. (2014), "Impunity, Corruption Thwarting Nigeria's Growth-Waziri, Daily Trust, April, 15.
[2]. Achebe, C, (1983), The Trouble with Nigeria, Enugu Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd
[3]. Achebe, C. (2012), There was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra, London, Penguin Books.
[4]. Adamu, A. (2008), The Crisis of Leadership: An Obstacle to Sustainable Democracy and Development in Nigeria, Maiduguri, Shaffa Press.
[5]. Adega,A.P.(2009), " The consequences of corruption and un-ethical practices in Nigeria: Any Remedy?" in
[6]. Edoh, T. etal(eds), Democracy, Leadership and Accountability in post colonial Africa: Challengesand possibilities, Makurdi, Aboki publishers.

Abstract: Kari Dako, the editor of eighteenpence regards the novel as among the first West African novels ever to be written although it seems not to be accorded that recognition so far. What engages attention with this novel is its view of, and evaluation of African community values. The discussion of African community values is carried out matter-of-factly without eulogizing of everything African. This novel, on the other hand, in spite of its passion about African values, takes a more critical view of these, examining them with unflattering candour, pointing out some of their inadequacies due to their basis in excessive social control generating a lack of the potential for the development of individuality which can enable the development of enterprise. Employing a mainly structuralist perspective, this paper examines the kind of African community values endorsed by this premier novel, and what it condemns and points out for further scrutiny.

Keywords: Community values, Enterprise, Individuality, Social control, Transformation

[1]. Angmor, Charles, Contemporary Literature in Ghana 1911-1978: A Critical Evaluation, (Accra, Woeli Publishing Services, 1996). (1)
[2]. Dako, Kari, 'R.E. Obeng's Eighteenpence: A Critical Review', in Journal of Black Studies, 24 (3) 1994, 344-367 (2)
[3]. Bourdieu, Pierre, The Logic of Practice (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1990) (2)
[4]. Bloor, David, Knowledge and Social Imagery, (Chicago and London, Chicago University Press, 1991) (3)
[5]. Storsveen, Tove, Closing the Books: Governor Edward Carstensen on Danish Guinea 1842-50, (Accra, Sub-Saharan Press, 2010) (4)

Abstract: The Khasis are the most advanced tribe of North East India. They dwell in Meghalaya with Shillong as the capital, carved in the early part of 1972. Prior to the arrival of the British in 1834, the region was under Hima (kingdom) Shillong. The matrilineal principle of descent, succession and inheritance is a distinctive feature of the Khasi society. The status of women is exclusive where lineage is drawn from the mother‟s side. She is the bearer of the clan name through her children. The Khasi word Kpoh traces descent from Ka Ïawbei (the great grandmother). It explains the kpoh as a group of matrilineal kin usually confined to one domestic family or household. Amongst the Khasi, while reckoning or descent they speak of the brother and sister who are the great grandchildren of one great grandmother (Gordon 1914).

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Abstract: The Paper titled 'Media and the 'Mediated' Imagination' deals with the impact of the media and its representations on our perceptions of individual and collective identities. It analyses how the media has been turned to a powerful social and political force capable of constructing personal and social imaginaries. The media today operates within hegemonic power structures and is supported by the global technology and managed by the corporate world. The paper observes that in the present globalized socio-political context, the media has fabricated newly imagined global neighbours thus distancing us from the intimate real neighbours. It has also brought in monolithic concepts of national and cultural identities. The paper also tries to see the changes that have occurred in the conception, production and reception of the mediated representations.

Keywords: global imagination, global neighbours, mediated representations, homogenization, monolithic identity

[1]. Orgad, Shani. Media Representation and the Global Imagination. Cambridge: Polity, 2012. Print.
[2]. Thompson, J. B. The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media. Cambridge: Polity, 1995. Print.
[3]. Alia,Valerie."Scattered Voices, Global Vision: Indigenous Peoples and the New Media Nation. Ed. Karim, Kaim. The Media of Diaspora. London: Routledge, 2003.Print.
[4]. Merrill, John C. Global Journalism. London: Longman, 19991. Print.
[5]. Alia,Valerie. Media Ethics and Social Change. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2004. Print.

Abstract: Human rights are basic rights as the weaker sections such as lower castes, women, children, etc are frequently deprived from these rights. As such, to examine the human rights of women working in construction sector, a survey of total 50 women construction workers was made through interview schedule in Gulbarga city. The findings revealed that there are violations of human rights of women construction workers.

[1]. Ragi, Sharanabasappa and Sindhe, Jaganath R (2011): Women Workers in Informal Sector and Human Rights: Development at International Perspective. IN: Developments in Social Sciences. Edited by Dr. Atik-ur-rahaman. S.M and Dr. Praveenkumar. Kumbargoudar. Jaipur: Aadi Publications, 2011. P. 182-203.
[2]. Vimala, M (2005): Socio-Economic Status of Domestic Women Servants: A Case Study of Thrissur Corporation. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Research programme on Local Level Development, CDS, 2005.

Abstract: Resilience is defined as "the ability to successfully cope with change or misfortune". Life satisfaction refers to "an individual's personal judgment of wellbeing and quality of life based on his or her own chosen criteria". Hope is defined as "a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful a) agency (goal-directed energy) and b) pathways planning to meet goals. Middle aged adults (35-60years) not only are vulnerable due to their developmental tasks, but are exposed to the stressors of daily hassles and, in some cases, life events.

[1]. F. Luthans, C. Youseff, and B. Avolio, Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge (Oxford University Press Inc. 198, New York, 2007).
[2]. N. Ahern, (2007), Resiliency in Adolescent College Students, doctoral diss., University of Central Florida Orlando, 2007. Retrieved from http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0001627/Ahern_Nancy_R_200705_phd.pdf
[3]. S. Masten, Ordinary Magic: Lessons from research on resilience in human development. Education Canada, 49 (3), 2009, 28–32. Retreived from http://www.cea-ace.ca/sites/default/files/EdCan-2009-v49-n3-Masten.pdf.
[4]. G. Wagnild and H. Young, Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 1993, 165-178.
[5]. C. Bailey and R. Snyder, Satisfaction with life and hope: A look at age and marital status. The Psychological Record, 57, 2007, 233-240.

Abstract: This study indicates the distribution, settlement, dialect languages, culture traditions and agricultural views of the most dominant tribes of North East India. Nagas are inhabiting in the northeastern part of India and north western part of Myanmar. The British sent many punitive action against the Nagas. The pottery was known to the early Nagas and was done mostly by the womenfolk. Oral traditions is one of the most important source for the reconstruction of the historical event of the Nagas. Every Naga Tribes has its own festivals. Participation in the First and Second World Wars led to the emergence of Patriotism.

Keywords: Christianity, Indo – Myanmar, Festival, Pottery Places, Nurtured, Modern Nation State.

[1]. Allen, B.C. ( 2009). Gazetter of Naga Hills and Manipur, Mittal Publication, New Delhi.
[2]. Allen, B.C, Gait, E.G, Allen, C.G.H, Howard, H.F. (2010). Gazetteer of Bengal and North – East India, Mittal Publication, New Delhi.
[3]. Brown, R. (2001). Statistical Account of Manipur, Mittal Publication, New Delhi.
[4]. Singh, Chandrika (2004). Naga Politics – A Critical Account, Mittal Publications, New Delhi.
[5]. Sema, Hokishe(1992). Emergence of Nagaland Socio – Economic and Political Transformation, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 576 Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine and assess the rationale investigators in performing diversion, implementation of diversion in the settlement child cases, to find out barriers, alternatives solution, and overcoming obstacles encountered by investigator in the implementation of diversion in children cases. The method used in this study is an empirical law approach using literature research and field research and analyzed qualitatively. Basic considerations commit diversion investigator is based on the general provisions in Act Number 11 of 2012 on the Criminal Justice System Child,.

[1]. 4BardaNawawiArief, BeberapaAspekKebijakanPenegakan Dan PengembanganHukumPidana, PT Citra AdityaBakti, Bandung, 1998, pg 153.
[2]. 5SatjiptoRaharjo ,IlmuHukum, PT.CitraAdityaBakti, Bandung, 2000, pg 54.
[3]. 6Marlina, PeradilanPidanaAnak di Indonesia PengembanganKonsepDiversidan Restorative Justice, PT RefikaAditama, Bandung, 2009, pg 17.

Abstract: This paper is a sincere attempt to reveal the fact that as a religion, how Buddhism reconstructs the world. Being an old religion, the concepts of Buddhism are not outdated. The core element in the teachings of Buddha is regarded as Buddha Dhamma which is meant for the development of civilization through the abolition of social evils such as caste system. Dhamma is righteousness which is meant for the creation of right relation between man and man in all spheres of life. It exists as the holder of culture. This paper mainly focuses on how the abolition of caste system is done through the application of Buddha Dhamma.

[1]. Ambedkar, B.R., Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Volume 2, compiled by Vasant Moon, Bombay: Government of Maharashtra, 1992.
[2]. Bapat, P.V, 2500 Years of Buddhism, Government of India: publications Division, 1997.
[3]. Basham, A.L, the Wonder That was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the Coming of the Muslims, New York: Grove Press, 1959.
[4]. Bayley, Susan, Caste, Society and Politics in India: From the 18th Century to the Modern Age, the New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
[5]. Buddhadasa Bhikku, Dhammic Socialism, Chief Translator and Editor, Donald K. Swearer, Bangkok: Thai Inter- Religious Commission for Development, 1986.

Abstract: Over the past decade, conflict has emerged as one of the challenges that Nigerian universities societies encounter. It has been proved by past studies that conflict destroys and ends up in disaster. It is against this background that the study investigated the causes of conflict and the use of language and communication for its resolution among the university students. A descriptive survey was employed for the study. Two universities were selected randomly from the nine universities in Ogun State, Nigeria.

[1]. Adedimeji, M.A. (2004). Language functions and Conflict management in Nigeria: A Functional
[2]. Linguistic Approach.
[3]. Adefila, A. (2008). The Implementation of the language component of the National Policy of Education (NPE); The example of the Ife Central Local Government In Obiajulu, E; Louisa, W. and Arua, E. A. (eds.) Tropical Issues in Language and Development in Nigeria
[4]. Aluede, O., Jimoh,B., Agwinede, B. O. & Omoregie, E. (2005) "Student unrest in Nigerian University: Looking Back and Forward‟ Journal of Social Sciences, 10 1: 17-22.
[5]. Babajide, A.O. 2000."Introduction". In Babajide, A.O. (Ed.) Studies in English Language.
[6]. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. pp. 1 – 4.

Abstract: This research investigates the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership behaviour and how it impacts leader's behaviour in the health sector of Pakistan. Emotional intelligence seems to be an individual's ability to properly regulate his or her emotions and use this information to lead one's thinking and actions. Most of the leaders would steer away rather from interacting with emotional matters, while emotions that are managed properly can have fruitful results Data was collected from 285 medical doctors and administrative staff working in different hospitals across Pakistan through questionnaire. It was hypothesized that emotional intelligence has an impact on leader's behaviour. Data was analyzed by using statistical methods which included reliability test

[1]. Affandi, H., & Raza, N. (2013). Leaders‟ Emotional Intelligence and its Outcomes, A Study of Medical Professionals in Pakistan. interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 5 (7).
[2]. Avolio. (1999). Full leadership development: building the vital forces in organizations. Sage Publications.
[3]. Avolio, & Bass. (2002). "Developing Potential Across Full Rage of Leadership". Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
[4]. Bano, F. B. (2013). Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4 (3).
[5]. Bar-On, R. (1997). The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). Technical Manual Multi-Health Systems , 56-78.

Abstract: This study sought to find out the impact of institutionalisation of orphaned children on their wellbeing. A case of an institution (orphanage centre) in Mtoko district of Zimbabwe was used. Ten teachers from the primary school where most of the institutionalized orphaned children learn were randomly sampled and responded to the self designed questionnaire, followed by an interview of 2 purposively selected teachers from a neighbouring secondary school, where some of the older orphans from the same orphanage centre do attend school. Interviewing secondary school teachers meant to complement findings from the primary school teachers. Out of the 55 orphans at the orphanage centre, 10 orphans (age range 6-21 years) were randomly selected to participate in the focus group discussion

[1]. Abebe, T., & Kjorholt, A. (2009). Social actors and victims of exploitation: Working children in the cash economy of Ethiopia's South. Childhood, 16(2): 175–194.
[2]. Aggrawal, J. C. (2004). Teacher and Education in a Developing Society. 4th Edition. New Delhi; Vikas Publishers.
[3]. Andres, L. (2012). Designing and Doing Research. London: Sage
[4]. Barnett, S. (2008). Pre-school Education and its Lasting Effects: Research and Policy Implication. New Dehli; Boulder and Tempe Publishers.
[5]. Bellany, J.F. (2001). Community Based Support for Households affected by HIV/AIDS. Arlington; USAIDS publications.

Abstract: AIDS scourge has put to test the capacity of Kenya's health delivery system to meet the ever-increasing number and needs of AIDS related illnesses and complications for equitable and humane treatment. This has led the government to rely on home-based care to fill the gap. Home-based care giving is well-recognized as the majority of care work due to illness takes place in the homes for a number of reasons, including the lack of a coordinated public policy addressing care needs, limited health infrastructure and human resources, and the preference of patients. The purpose of the study was to determine the socio-economic challenges of home based caregivers for people living with HIV/AIDS in Njoro Sub-county.

[1]. Akintola,O. (2004).Policy Brief: The Gendered Burden of Home-based Caregiving. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
[2]. Aldwin, CM. ( 2007). Stress, Coping and Development: An Integrative Perspective.2nd edition. London: The Guilford Press.
[3]. Avert. (2010). HIV/AIDS home-based care. Available at: www.avert.org/aids- home-care.htm (Accessed on 06/05/2012).
[4]. Bharat, S. & Mahendra, S. (2007). Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of People living with HIV: Challenges for HealthCare Providers. Reproductive Health Matters 15(29): 93-112.
[5]. Demmer, C.(2004). Burnout: The Health Care Worker as Survivor. AIDS Read14(10): 522-537.

Abstract: This paper investigates the function of a particular utterance, specifically a closed interrogative clause, in a particular social situation and a particular place in a sequence. The paper considers language from two approaches: first, from the structural approach, as an instrument for representation, broken into units such as sentences/clauses or words and second, from the action/theoretic approach, focussing on how the issuance of certain linguistic entities constitutes a means for interpersonal action. For instance, interrogative clauses basically ask questions but when a speaker uses an interrogative clause, closed interrogative specifically, his intended meaning might not be to ask questions. To this end, ten closed interrogative clauses are randomly selected from the text Adaugo for analysis which is based on structural description and Searle and Vanderveken (1985) types of indirect illocutionary acts such as: anticipatory illocution, hedged performative, and rhetorical question.

Keywords: Closed interrogative clauses, speech act, correlative analysis

[1]. Austin, J.L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
[2]. Crystal, D. (1980). A first dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Boulder, CO: Westview.
[3]. Gazdar, G. (1981). Unbounded Dependencies and Coordinate Structure. Linguistic Inquiry 12, pp. 155-184.
[4]. Huddleston, R. (2002). Clause type and illocutionary force. In Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), The Cambridge
Grammar of the English Language, pp. 851–945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[5]. Larson, M.L. (1984). Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence. Lanham, MD: University Press of
America.

Abstract: The primary aim of the study was to construct an economic household portfolio model that helps to explain household behaviour in land acquisition and utilisation in A1 resettlement areas. The study used qualitative approach. A case study of two A1 resettlement areas in Goromonzi District in Mashonaland East Province was used to produce in-depth and comprehensive information. This enabled the researcher to use participant observation to describe the context of A1 farmers, identify the variables and analyse the interactions of the different household variables on land acquisition and utilisation in A1 resettlement areas.

[1]. Agarwal, B. (1994). A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[2]. (1997). "Bargaining" and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household. Feminist Economics, Vol. 3 No.1, pp1-51
[3]. (2003). Gender and Land Rights Revisited: Exploring New Prospects via the State, Family and Market, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol.3 Nos. 1 and 2, pp184-224
[4]. Bryman, A. E. (2001). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[5]. Cohen, M. (1996). Household Economic Portfolios, More infowww.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC2932.pdf, (18 November 2010)
[6]. Deere, C.D. and Doss, C.R. (2006). Gender and the Distribution of Wealth in Developing Countries, Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. http://www.wider.unu.edu/stc/repec/pdfs/rp2006/rp2006-115.pdf, (Accessed on 26 May 2012)

Abstract: The primary aim of the study was to evaluate intra-household asset distribution and decision-making in A1 resettlement areas in Goromonzi District in Mashonaland East Province. The study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A mixed methods design where the case data occupied a secondary role to national survey data was used. In the case study, five data collection techniques were used namely, questionnaire, interviews, focus groups, simple observations and document reviews in order to improve the quality and validity of the case data through triangulation.

[1]. Agarwal, B. (1997). "Bargaining" and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household. Feminist Economics, Vol. 3 No.1, pp1-51
[2]. (2003). Gender and Land Rights Revisited: Exploring New Prospects via the State, Family and Market, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol.3 Nos. 1 and 2, pp184-224
[3]. Bryman, A. E. (2001). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[4]. Cohen, M. (1996). Household Economic Portfolios, More info www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC2932.pdf, (18 November 2010)
[5]. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches.(3rded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.

Abstract: Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) is recognized as the engine of promoting economic growth, employment opportunities and poverty alleviation both in developed and developing countries. In Nigeria, these are widely accepted and documented by both scholars and policy makers. Unfortunately, the myriad of problems have strangulated SMEs from performing well as expected which make poverty persist in Nigeria. Various programmes were established by the Federal Government towards boosting SMEs and poverty alleviation, but with the unsatisfied result. In this paper, our preoccupation is to accept the fact that strengthening SMEs serves as a means for poverty alleviation in Nigeria. This paper identifies the problems affecting SMEs from not performing well.

[1]. Adereti, F. O., & Ajayi, A. O. (2004). Agricultural and non-agricultural income generating activities of rural women of different socio-economic status for poverty reduction in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Rural Development 2: 13–21.
[2]. Aina, O. C. (2007). The role of SMEs in poverty alleviation in Nigeria. [Online]. Available: http://www.journalanduse.org/Assets/Vol3%20Papers/JOURNAL%2010.pdf (Dec. 13, 2009).
[3]. Aminu, S. A. (2013). The militancy in the oil-rich Niger Delta: Failure of the Federal Government of Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(11), 813-827.
[4]. Asikhia, O. U. (2010). Case Study SMEs and Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Marketing Resources and Capabilities Implications. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 57.
[5]. Bober, M. (2007). Where the well-oiled wheel still squawked. Hackerwriters.com. The International Writers Magazine: Oil in Africa.