IOSR-JHSS   Volume-21 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-2016

Abstract: Language is an important means of human communication. It is an important tool in literature: writers express their thoughts through language. Bilingual/multilingual authors are faced with the task of deciding which language to use in order to express their ideas and thoughts effectively knowing full well that their style and language are paramount to the acceptability of their literary works. African literary artists are, sometimes constrained by some problems like the expression of their culture in the English language, the language of another culture. The language of expression becomes a problem because language is an integral part of culture; it is equally entwined with society. When pidgin came into use, English had acquired some local colouring that made African literature very unique, This paper examines the use pidgin in Achebe's A Man of the People. The text for analysis is A Man of the People which will be analysed using the textual analysis method. Instances of the use of Pidgin in this literary work will be discussed. The analysis will show the extent the author used pidgin to add aesthetic value to his literary work.

[1]. Achebe, Chinua. A Man of the People. London: Heinemann Educational Books,1977. Print
[2]. Akindele, Femi and Wale Adegbite. The Sociology and Politics of English in Nigeria: An introduction. Ile-ife: OAU Press, 2005. Print
[3]. Bamgbose, Ayo, Ayo Banjo and Andrew Thomas . Eds. New Englishes: A West African Perspective. Ibadan: Mosuro publishers, 1995. Print.
[4]. Coulmas, Florian. Sociolinguistics: the Study of Speaker's Choices. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P, 2005. Print.
[5]. Coupland, Nikolas and Adam Jaworski. Eds. Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook. New York: Palgrave, 1997. Print
[6]. Elugbe, Ben and Augusta Omamor. Nigerian Pidgin: Background and Prospects. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books, 1991. Print.

Abstract: Over the past few decades there has been a surge in the field of psycho social rehabilitation for the mentally ill patients who have developed chronicity. Basic objective of psycho social rehabilitation is to reduce the deleterious effect of psychiatric disorder on the sufferers' socio-occupational functioning and life skills. It was seen previously that patients who had been put in a mental hospital for long time after discharge they would tend to develop maladjustment with their own environment. These patients develop incapacity to interact with the community people and find themselves in awkward position while mixing with the people living in community. In spite of considerable achievement in the field of psychopharmacology a significant number of severely ill psychiatric patients tend to develop refractoriness in their illness. So this group of people are at the risk of developing chronicity and do require prolong inpatient treatment because of the problematic psychopathologies of the illness.

[1] Anthony, W. A., & Liberman, R. P. (1986). The practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: Historical, conceptual, and research base. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 542–559.
[2] Anthony, W. A., & Nemec, P. B. (1983) Psychiatric rehabilitation. In A. S. Bellack (Ed.), The treatment and care of schizophrenia. New York: Grune & Stratton, USA.
[3] Bachrach, L. (1992) Psychosocial rehabilitation and psychiatry in the care of long-term patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(11), 1455-1463.
[4] Bachrach, L. (1998) The rehabilitation-recovery paradigm: A philosophical statement. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 2, 171–187.
[5] Bachrach, L.L. (2000) Psychosocial rehabilitation and psychiatry in the treatment of schizophrenia - what are the boundaries? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102(Suppl. 407), 6–10.
[6] Bond, G.R., Drake, R.E., Becker, D.R., Mueser, K.T. (1995) effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation approaches for employment of people with severe mental illness. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 10 (1), 18-52.

Abstract: Research is aimed to describe, to analyze and to interpret the implementation of Minapolitan Policy in Gresik Regency. Research method is using qualitative approach suggested by Denscombe (2007:3), McNabb (2002:267), and Sinuff et al (2007:105). Research focus is based on the findings of Strange and Bayley (2008), Bogdan & Taylor (1992), and Lofland & Lofland (1984:25-26). Data analysis is qualitative in accordance with Denscombe (2007:288). Data validation technique is using Lincoln & Guba (1985:301-327) and Denscombe (2007:135). Result of research is revealing that the disposition (commitment) of the implementer is still low because there is lacking of consistency (istiqomah) between what has been planned/expected in master plan (the substance of intention) and the willingness to achieve the goals and targets of Minapolitan Area Development. Indeed, Minapolitan Area Development is organized by Work Force Team consisting of SKPD elements with specific functional main task but it binds SKPD itself only to accomplish performance as higher as possible rather than to maximize the action in favor of Minapolitan..

[1]. Bogdan, Robert C. Dan Steven J. Taylor, 1992. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods : A Phenomenological Approach in the Social Sciences, Translated by Arief Furchan, John Wiley & Sons, Surabaya, Usaha Nasional.
[2]. Denscombe, Martyn, 2007. The Good Research Guide: for Small-Scale Social Research Project. Third Edition, Open University Press, New York, USA.
[3]. Edwards III, George C. 1980. Implementing Public Policy, Washington D.C. Congressional Quarterly Inc. (edited), 1984. Public Policy Implementing, Jai Press Inc, London England.
[4]. Grindle, Merilees, 1980. Politics and Policy Implementation In The Thirld World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
[5]. Hanafie, Rita, 2410. Introduction of Agriculture Economic. Yogyakarta: Andi
[6]. Hemmati, Minu and Robert Whitfield, 2003. Sustainable Development Partnerships In the Follow-up to Johannesburg Stakeholder, Forum for Our Common Future.

Abstract: Though adolescence is a time of good health (Holden, 1995),risk-taking behaviors are common among the adolescents. These high risk behaviors led to several crimes such as stealing, gambling and fighting (Nischal, Agarwal, & Agarwal, 2013). Adolescent often liked to be a part of adult(Gupta & Derevensky, 1998)and the adolescents in Imphal, India are often seen participating in sports gambling, game of skills, lotteries and other activities with the adults. Adolescents are very vulnerable and are exposed to many risks including gambling..

[1]. Adams, P. J. (2008). Is democratic gambling reform possible? Australian Review of Public Affairs March 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2015, from http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2009/03/mcmillen.html
[2]. Adebayo, B. (1998). Gambling behavior of students in grades seven and eight in Alberta, Canada. [Article]. Journal of School Health, 68(1), 7.
[3]. Albert, Y. (2013). Electricity in Imphal: on or off, Imphal Free Press. Retrieved from http://kanglaonline.com/2013/01/electricity-in-imphal-on-or-off/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=electricity-in-imphal-on-or-off
[4]. Arcuri, A. F., Lester, D., & Smith, F. O. . (1985). Shaping adolescent gambling behavior (Vol. 20).
[5]. Ariyabuddhiphongs, V. (2013). Adolescent Gambling: A Narrative Review of Behavior and Its Predictors. [Article]. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 11(1), 97-109. doi: 10.1007/s11469-012-9401-6

Abstract:Altruism is a selfless gentle act admired by all social groups. History has extraordinary legendary examples of brave soldiers, great rulers, noble men and women who made selfless sacrifices of material possessions, status and even ones selves for common good of others (Sally, 2000 ). August Comte, (1875) French founder of sociology, coined the term Altruism. It‟s worth mentioning that years before August Comte‟s the phenomenon of altruism was explained in Islam with several practical examples in the form of "Eethar" (Mehdi, 2006)..

[1]. Comte, System of Positive Polity. (London: Longmans, Green & Co 1875).
[2]. D. F. Sally. A general theory of sympathy, mind-reading, and social interaction, with an application to the prisoner‟s dilemma. Social Science Information, 39(4), (2000), 567–634.
[3]. F.Iqbal, Prosocial Behavior in Different Situations among Men and Women, Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 8 ( 6), 2013, 31-40.
[4]. R. Mahdi, The Religion Of Islam, Retrieved on January 14, 2012 from http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/437/(2006).

Abstract:Altruism is a selfless gentle act admired by all social groups. History has extraordinary legendary examples of brave soldiers, great rulers, noble men and women who made selfless sacrifices of material possessions, status and even ones selves for common good of others (Sally, 2000 ). August Comte, (1875) French founder of sociology, coined the term Altruism. It‟s worth mentioning that years before August Comte‟s the phenomenon of altruism was explained in Islam with several practical examples in the form of "Eethar" (Mehdi, 2006)..

[1]. Jean Blondel and E. Drexel Godfrey, Jr: The Government of France: Methuen and Company Limited 1968
[2]. S. B. M. Marume: SADCC administration of economic programmes with reference to food and agricultural programmes: unpublished PhD [Public Administration] thesis: California University for Advanced Studies, State of California: October 31, 1988.
[3]. S. B. M. Marume: Public Administration: special contemporary problems and challenges: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing: Berlin Germany, 2015 [ISBN 978 – 3 – 659 – 75883 – 6]
[4]. S. B. M. Marume and A.S. Chikasha: Provincial government and administration in Zimbabwe: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing: Berlin Germany, 2015 [ISBN 978-3-659-24142-0]
[5]. S.B.M Marume: Pre-colonial political history of Shona Great Zimbabwe states: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing: Berlin Germany, 2015 (ISBN 978-3-659-77410-2).
[6]. O. Hood Phillips: Constitutional and Administrative law: London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1965
[7]. Austin Ranney: The governing of men: New York, 1966.

Abstract:Urbanization, as considered from the economic aspect is good as it facilitates achievement of economies and thus promotes growth of industries and development in the economy. However, taking the social point of view urbanization encourage crimes as is evident from the fact that the rate of crime is higher in large cities and in urbanized areas as has been proved by many empirical studies. Urbanization per se is not the only cause for rising trend of crime, but, there are many other determinants alongside urbanization and closely related to it, that have a direct say in the rising trend of crimes in urbanized areas. These are unemployment, inflation and income inequality...

[1] Clark, William L. and Marshall, William L, A Treatise on the Law of Crimes (5th ed. Chicago: Callaghan, 1952).
[2] Tappan, P., Crime, justice and correction (New york: McGraw Hill book co.1960).
[3] Wirth, Louis, Urbanism as a Way of Life, The American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 1938. (1-24).
[4] Wirth, Louis, On Cities and Social Life (Reiss, A. J. (ed.), Chicago:London 1964)
[5] Clinard, Marshall B., The Process of Urbanization and Criminal Behaviour, American Journal of Sociology, 48 (2), 1942, 202-21.
[6] Micheal H. Tonry,Catrien C.J.H. Bijlereid, Crime and Justice in the Netherland, (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2007).
[7] Gleaser, Edward L. and Sacerdote, Bruce, Why is there more crime in cities? NBER Working Paper # 5430, 1996.
[8] Johnson, Eric A., Urbanization and crime, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). [9] Myers, L. Samuel, Estimating the economic model of crime: Employment versus punishment, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98(1), 1983, 157-166.

Abstract:For some academics, both old and young, it seems frivolous if not a waste of space to devote some time in social research on the issue of terminological uses and semasiological analysis. Yet, the opposite is fundamentally true. That is, lack of special attention in any social research study to this issue is an academic suicide, a tragedy, a scientific offence, and un pardonable scholastic shortcoming [S. B. M. Marume: Work No. 17 of 1988]. In effect, one of the most celebrated the twentieth – century political scientists, namely, Arnold Brecht [1967:57] scholarly writers: Clarity and unambiguity of all terms used are the first requirements of logical reasoning

Key words: terminological uses, semasiological analyses, science, research, and logical reasoning.

[1]. Arnold Brecht; Political Theory: The Foundations of Twentieth – Century Political Thought: Princeton; New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967.
[2]. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss: Discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research: Chicago Aldine, 1967.
[3]. S. B. M. Marume: SADCC administration of economic programmes with reference to food and agricultural programmes: unpublished PhD [Public Administration] theses: California University for Advanced Studies; October 31, 1988.

Abstract:Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) are facing tremendous challenges and threats to survive in a competitive environment. As a matter of fact, MSEs are faced with the threat of failure with past statistics indicating that three out five fail within the first few months. In spite of this fact, automobile mechanics in this informal sector have been slow in adopting modern technology despite the advantages that are attributed to new innovations. This study aimed to determine factors that influence technology adoption among automobile mechanics in micro and small enterprises in Nakuru town; Kenya. The one of the specific objective of the study was to establish the role of relative advantage, in the adoption of technology. The research used a descriptive cross sectional survey design and employed both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to collect quantitative and qualitative data..

[1]. John Karanja Ngugi, R.W. Gakure, Were M. Susan, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Kibiru Charles Robinson (2012). The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya. Journal of Business Management and Corporate Affairs Vol, 1 Issue 1, Pages 11-19.
[2]. Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.
[3]. Caryannis, E. & Eric T. (2006). Innovation diffusion and technology acceptance: The case of PKI technology. Technovation. (26), 847–855.
[4]. Wang, Z., Jin, Y., Wang, M. & Wei, W., 2010. New fuel consumption standards for Chinese passenger vehicles and their effects on reductions of oil use and CO2 emissions of the Chinese passenger vehicle fleet. Energy Policy, 38(9): 5242-5250.
[5]. Tornatzky, L.G., & Klein, K.J. (2012. Innovation characteristics and innovation adoption implementation: A meta-analysis of findings. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 29(1), 28–45.

Abstract:Ethics refers to accepted standards of right and wrong in the Organizational scenario . In professional life the ethical choices made by individual , affect their quality of work . In this article , I have tried to establish a correlation between the moral codes of conduct followed in an Organization and its productivity . The code of ethics affects the behavior of an individual in the workplace . The entire work culture of an Organization depends on the moral values of its employer as well as employee . An ethical work environment is highly motivating and is bound to increase productivity . Organizations with highly valued and ethical workforce have always been highly productive and have carved a niche for themselves in the business world ...

[1]. Masters & Wallace, Personal Development For Life and Work ( New Delhi, Cengage Learning,2011)
[2]. Dr. K. Alex, Soft Skills (New Delhi, S.Chand & Company Ltd.,2009)
[3]. https://en.wikipedia.org/Wiki/Ethical-Code
[4]. www.chavron.com/documents/chevronbusinessconductethicscode.

Abstract:Increased globalization, transnationalism and influences of the new media have presented our youths with both challenges and opportunities. It is thus essential for youths to develop a sense of media awareness and activism to facilitate social learning. Youths must be capable of spotting a stereotype, distinguish facts from fiction, and news from propaganda. In building a productive learning culture to protect youths from the negative impacts of the media, media literacy is a necessary intervention in developing critical understandings, creative abilities, and active participations.

[1]. Andrew Garrison (1999) Video Basics and Production Projects for the Classroom: CML Media Lit Kit. California: Center for Media Literacy Publications
[2]. Aufderheide, P.(1997). Media Literacy: From a report of the National Leadership Conference on Media Literacy. In R.Kubey (Ed.), Media Literacy in the Information Age: Current Perspectives, Information, and Behavior ( Vol.6,pp.79-86). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
[3]. Bazalgette,C. (1997)An Agenda for the Second Phase of Media Literacy Development. In R. Kubey (Ed.), Media Literacy in the Information Age (pp.69-78).New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
[4]. Bazalgette, C (2000) Moving Images in the Classroom : A Secondary Teacher‟s Guide to Using Film and Television, A Guide Book Published by British Film Institute, London.
[5]. Brown, J.A.( 1998). Media Literacy Perspectives. Journal of Communication, 48(1), 44-57.