iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2014

Abstract: Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) composites are attractive structural materials, which combine the high hardness and elastics modulus of the alumina matrix with additional toughening effects, due to the zirconia dispersion. In the present study, ZTA composites containing different amounts of zirconia (in the range 0–16 wt %) were prepared by slurry method and sintered at 1450ºC and 1550ºC for two hour. Microstructure of the composites was observed using scanning electron microscopy and phase content was detected by means of X- ray diffraction. Mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and flexural strength were measured.

[1] N. Claussen, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 59, 1976, 49.
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[5] R. H. J. Hannink, P. M. Kelly and B. C. Muddle, "Transformation toughening in zirconia-containing ceramics". J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 83, 2000, 461–487.
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Abstract: Drilling is one of the fundamental operations in metal cutting industry. Torque and thrust force has a major influence on the tool life and machining economics. The present study mainly focus on the optimization of process parameters to reduce torque and thrust force on HSS drill and to improve the tool life. Investigations are carried on different work materials such as AA 6041, AISI 1040 and EN8. These investigations are aimed at benefiting small industries that use aforementioned tool work combinations. Regression models are constructed for torque, thrust force.

Key words: drilling, torque, thrust, chisel edge, optimization, regression analysis.

[1] A.Bhattacharyya, A.B. Chattopadhyayand R.Roy, 1981, "Chisel-Edge Modification of Small HSS and Carbide Drills for Improved Machinability", "CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology", Volume 30, Issue 1, Page 21-25.
[2] Q.Zhang and J.Wang, 2010, "Geometry, specification and drilling performance of a plane rake faced drill point design", "Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science" ,Volume 224, Issue 2, Page 369-378.
[3] A.Bhattacharyya, A.B.Chatterjee, Inyong Ham, Ajit Bhattacharyya, 1971, "Modification of Drill point for Reducing Thrust", Trans ASME, "Journal of Engineering for Industry", page 1073-1078.
[4] A.K.Chattopadhyay, A.B.Chattopadhyay, 1983, "Wear Characteristics of Ceramic Cutting Tools in Machining Steel", "Wear", Volume 93, Issue 3, Page 347-359.
[5] Audy.J. A., 2008, "Study of computer-assisted analysis of effects of drill geometry and surface coating on forces and power in drilling", ."J. Mater. Process. Tech".,204, Page130–138

Abstract: This paper explores the feasibility of using the heat pipe for steam condensation. In this paper an attempt is made to replace thousands of condenser tubes by hundreds of "Heat Pipes".The design details of heat pipe, that is, material of heat pipe, heat pipe length, diameter of heat pipe for condensation purpose is described. The feasibility study was carried out for smooth operation of the heat pipe that is without ceasing during operation. Experimental setup and results of steam condensation studies are presented. Keywords: Wickless heat pipe, thermal syphon, steam condenser, heat transfer coefficient,

[1] Heat Pipes ,Second Edition , P.Dunn and D.A. Reay , Pergamon Press.
[2] Gaugler, R. S., "Heat Transfer Device," U. S. Patent
[3] Grover, G. M., Cotter, T. P., and Erikson, G. E., "Structures of Very High ThermalConductivity," J. Applied Physics, 35, 1990 (1964)
[4] Amir Faghri "Heat Pipe Science and Technology" Taylor and Francis, Washngton Dc,USA, 1995
[5] F. Yang, X. G. Yuan, G . P. Lin, Waste heat recovery using heat pipe heat exchanger for heating automobile using exhaust gas, Applied Thermal Engineering 23 (3) ,2003, 367-372.
[6] S. H. Noie, M. Lotfi, Energy conservation by waste heat recovery in industry using thermosyphon heat exchangers, International solar Energy System, Adelaide, Australia, 2001, pp. 141.

Abstract: Man- machine interaction in a mechanized mines involved the excavation of mineral through heavy earth moving machineries and sizing the lump ore of the open cast mines in an overhead crushing, screening and loading (OCSL) plant. Present study proposes a systematic way of analyzing various factors like environmental impact and working problems as the mines are primarily located in remote areas. Selective mining is being done after locating the enriched ore through geological sampling .

[1] Grenaidy A, Karowsky ,W,Shell R.A ,khalil S, S Tunal's etc;(2005)Work compatibility of an integrated diagnostic tool for evaluating musculoskeletal responses to works and stores outcomes, International journal of industrial ergonomics ,35,1109,--11312
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[3] Stanton ,N.A. Salmon, P.M. Walker, G.H .Baber ,C & Jenkins, D.P (2005) Human Factors Method ,A practical Guide for Engineering and Design, Ashgate : Aldershot
[4] B.Kirwan and L.K,Ainsworth :A guide to task analysis ,published by Taylor and Francis Group
[5] Raskin Jeff ,Oct 2000,:The Human Interface –New Dimensions For designing interactive systems, Published & sold by Amazon.com
[6] Ritchie J and Spencer L (1994): Qualitative Data Analysis for applied policy research, in A.Bryman & R.G.Burgess (eds) Analyzing Qualitative data ,1994,pp173—194
[7] Feng Yongquing, Wu Wenchuan , Zhan Boming ,Li Wenyuan ,''Power systems operation risk assessment Using Credibility theory ,IEEE Transactions on Power systems,Vol 23,No 3,2008
[8] Laurids Boring Ronald (2009) : ‗'Human Reliability analysis in Cognitive engineering and system design ‗' Sandia National Laboratories ‗New Mexico
[9] Lee K,W, Tillmann F, Higgins J,J (1988) A literature survey of the human reliability component in a man machine system,IEEE Transactions on reliability ,37(1),24—34 .
[10] Kekuland L.J.& Svensen O(1997) :Human errors and work performance in a nuclear power plant control room; associations with work related factors and behavioural coping ,Reliability engineering and systems safety 56,5—15.
[11] Basra and KIRWAN,1998G Basra and B.Kirwan: Collection of offshore human error probability data,Reliability Engineering and System Safety 61(1998)pp 77-93

Abstract: This project is to enhance the heat transfer rate of shell and tube heat exchanger in temperature process station by using Al2O3 nanofluid and Ethylene glycol. Al2O3 and copper nano particles are found to have good thermal conductivity for the heat transfer in shell and tube heat exchanger in Temperature process station. The presence of nano particles changes the flow structure so that besides of thermal conductivity increment in a temperature process station of heat exchanger. Al2O3 has been mixed with water as a base fluid to increase the heat transfer rate. The experimental and numerical investigation has to be performed and the results have been compared to validate the performance of the heat Exchanger.

Keywords: Al2O3 nanofluid, shell and tube heat exchanger, heat transfer, coolant, temperature process station

[1] Choi S.U.S., (1995) "Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluid with nanoparticles‟. In: Siginer D.A., Wang H.P. (Eds.), Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows, FED-V.231/ MD-V.66. ASME, New York, pp. 99–105.
[2] Das S.K., Putra N., Roetzel W., (2003) "Pool boiling characteristics of nano-fluids‟. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 46, 851–862.
[3] Das S.K., Putra N., Roetzel W., (2003) "Pool boiling of nano-fluids on horizontal narrow tubes‟. International Journal of Multi Phase Flow 29, 1237–1247.
[4] Das S.K., Putra N., Roetzel W., (2006) "Pool boiling characteristics of nano-fluids‟. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 27, 3–19.
[5] Ding Y., Wen D., (2005) "Particle migration in a flow of nanoparticle suspensions‟ Powder Technology 149, 84–92.

Abstract: Packing density is new kind of mix design method used to design different types of concrete. To optimize the particle packing density of concrete, the particles should be selected to fill up the voids between large particles with smaller particles and so on, in order to obtain a dense and stiff particle structure. Higher degree of particle packing leads to minimum voids, maximum density and requirement of cement and water will be less. In this work the co-relation curves are developed for packing density method between compression strength and water cement ratio, paste content to reduce the time involved in trial to decide water cement ratio and paste content for a particular grade of concrete. Results obtained by packing density method are compared with IS code method.

[1] Wong, H. C. H. and Kwan, K. H. A., "Packing density: A key concept for mix design of high performance concrete".
[2] Wong, H. C. H. and Kwan, K. H. A. (2008) "Packing density of cementitious materials: part 2 – packing flow of OPC + PFA + CSF". Materials and structures, 41:773 – 784.
[3] Fennis, S. A. A. M. and Walraven, J. C. (2008) "Measuring the packing density to lower the cement content in concrete".
[4] Wong, H. C. H. and Kwan, K. H. A. (2008) "Packing density of cementitious materials: part 1 – measurement using a wet packing method". Materials and structures, 41:689-701.
[5] Glavind, M. and Peterson, E. J. (1999) "Packing calculations applied for concrete mix design". University of Dundee.
[6] Kantha Rao, V. V. L. And Krishnamoorthy, S., "Aggregate mixtures for least-void content for use in polymer concrete".
[7] Powers, T. C. (1968) The properties of fresh concrete. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. New York.
[8] Indian standard code of practice for, "Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement", IS 12269 – 1987, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

Abstract: Fossil fuels are non- renewable source of energy. It is difficult to predict its availability in future. It casts a shadow of uncertainty of its supply, the immediate effect of its scarcity is rising price and its adverse impact on the growing economies like India. India imports 80% of total demand of the Petroleum products. Therefore, sourcing a sustainable energy and environment friendly alternative is needed to be developed instead of using fossil fuels. Recently waste plastics are receiving renewed interest as an alternative to fossil fuel. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern life and its application in the industrial field is continuously increasing. Conversion of waste plastic to energy is one of the recent trends in minimizing not only the waste disposal but also as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engine. In this paper waste plastic oil and its blends with Diesel and Ethanol is introduced as alternative fuel. I have conducted an experimental research on this alternative fuel on various operational parameters i.e. Engine Performance and emission test with blends like D100, B20, B40, B60.

Keywords: Waste Plastic oil, Diesel, Ethanol.

[1] Heywood JB, "Internal Combustion engine fundamentals", McGraw Hill Publication, http://www.mcgraw-hill.com (1988).
[2] Williams PT and Williams EA, "Interaction of Plastics in mixed plastic pyrolysis", Journal of Energy and fuels, 13 188-196 (1990).
[3] Walendzienwski Jerzy, "Engine fuel derived from waste plastics by thermal treatment", Journal of Fuel, 81 473-481 (2002).
[4] S.Murugan, M C Ramaswamy and G Nagrajan, "Assessment of Pyrolysis oil as an energy source for Diesel engines". Anna University, Chennai, India.
[5] Sutton D, Rush M and Richard P, "Diesel Engine Performance and Emission using different fuel/ additives combustion", SAE Technical Paper 880635, (1988).
[6] Bertolic, Del Glacomo N, "Diesel combustion improvements by the use of oxygenated synthetic fuels", SAE Paper No 972972.

Abstract: The forming behaviour of cold rolled closed annealed steel sheet in Selected samples with proper annealing and chemical composition for better formability was investigated by Erichsen Cupping test method. The results showed that the formability of cold rolled closed annealed steel having lower percentage of carbon is lesser forming property and ductility. It was found that the stress distribution and the grain density of the sheet material confirm the formability. The best combination of strength and ductile properties has steel with the low carbon and better forming property.

Key Words: Formability; Low Carbon steel; Mechanical properties:re-crystallization; sheet metal.

[1]. Mala Seth, Vincent J. Vohnout, Glenn S. Daehn, Formability of steel sheet in high velocity impact, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 168 (2005) 390–400.
[2]. Oliveira, D.A., Worswick, M.J., Finn, M., Newman, D., 2005. Electromagnetic forming of aluminium alloy sheet: free-form and cavity fill experiments and model. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 170, 350–362.
[3]. T.B. Stoughton, A general forming limit criterion for sheet metal forming, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 42 (2000) 1–27.)

Abstract: This paper presents the experimental results on the flow characteristics of a suddenly expanded flow from the convergent nozzle for subsonic flow. In the present study micro jets were used to investigate the effect of micro jets on wall pressure flow field in the enlarged duct. Accordingly an active control in the form of four micro jets of 1 mm orifice diameter located at 900 intervals along a pitch circle diameter of 1.3 times the nozzle exit diameter in the base region was employed. The Mach numbers of the present studies were M = 0.9, 0.8, and 0.6 and the area ratio (ratio of area of suddenly expanded duct to nozzle exit area) studied was 2.56. The length-to-diameter (i.e. L/D) ratio of the sudden expansion duct was varied from 10 to 1. From the results, it is seen that the flow in the base region is dominated by the waves, the general perception what we have that correctly expanded flow will be from waves is proved to be wrong; also, it is found that for L/D in the range L/D = 10 and 8 the flow remains oscillatory mostly for all the Mach numbers

[1] W. B. Hall and E. M. Orme, Flow of a compressible fluid through a sudden enlargement in a pipe, Proceedings of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 169, 1956, pp. 1007-1022.
[2] H. Korst, Comments on the effects of boundary layer on sonic flow through an abrupt cross sectional area change, Journal of the Aeronautical Science, Vol. 21, 1954, pp. 568-569.
[3] R. P. Benedict and N. A. Carlucci, Flow with losses, Trans ASME (Power) Vol. 87, 1965, pp. 37-49.
[4] J. E. Drewry, Fluid dynamic characteristics of sudden expansion ram jet combustors flow fields, AIAA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1978, pp. 313-319.
[5] J. K. Eaton and J. P. Johnston, A review of research on sub sonic turbulent flow re attachment, AIAA journal, Vol. 119, No.9, 1981, pp. 1093-1100.

Abstract: The objective of the project is to analyze Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell model numerically to understand the performance of the Fuel Cell model in various design and operating parameters which is difficult to analyze through the experiment. The numerical analysis was performed on single channel fuel cell which has INTERDIGIT rectangular flow path and also analysis was performed by varying the cross section like semicircular and triangular flow channel. After completing the study of analysis of the single channels, the numerical analysis work was performed on original PEMFC model which is used in fuel cell laboratory. Various analyses were carried out for the model by varying the parameters like varying the pressure, temperature.

[1]. J.G. Carton, V. Lawlor,A.G. Olabi, C.HochenauerG. Zauner Water droplet accumulation and motion in PEM(Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell mini-channels.

[2]. P.K. Jithesh, A.S. Bansode, T.Sundararajan ,Sarit K. Das The effect of flow distributors on the liquid water distribution and performance of a PEM fuel cell

[3]. K.B. Shyam Prasad, S. Maharudrayya, S. Jayanti Flow maldistribution in interdigitated channels used in PEM fuel cells.

Abstract: In this program consequence of incorporating blast furnace slag on mechanical properties and durability of resulting fly ash geopolymer paste sample was investigated. The program consisted immersion of geopolymer samples having percentage blast furnace slag ranging from 10 to 20 of fly ash in a 10% magnesium sulfate solution up to a period of 15 weeks and evaluation of its resistance in terms visual appearance, change in weight and compressive strength at regular interval. Addition of blast furnace slag considerably improved mechanical properties and durability of geopolymers paste.
Keywords: Fly ash, Blast Furnace Slag, Geopolymer, Apparent porosity, Sorptivity, Compressive Strength, Durability.

[1] A. Fernandez-Jimenez and A. Palomo., Activation of fly ashes: A general view, Fly ash, Blast Furnace Slag, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Proceedings Eighth International Conference, Las Vegas, USA, (2004) 351-366.
[2] H. Xu, G.C. Lukey, and J.S.J. van Deventer., The activation of class C, class F fly ash and blast furnace slag using geopolymer, Fly ash, Blast Furnace Slag, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Proceedings Eighth International Conference, Las Vegas, USA., (2004) 797-820.
[3] Khon Kaen, Engineering Properties of Mae Moh Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Thailand, Smith Songpiriyakij King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, North Bangkok, Thailand, May 24-25, 2006 .
[4] Song X.J , Marosszeky M , Brungs M , Munn R , Durability of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete against sulphuric acid attack , 10 DBMC International Conferences on Durability of Bulding Materials and Components, Lyon, France, (2005) 17-20 April .
[5] Thakur Ravindra N, Ghosh Somnath, Effect of mix composition on compressive strength and microstructure of fly ash based geopolymer composites, 4 (4) (2009) 68-74.