iosr-JMCE   Volume-15 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-Aug 2018

Abstract: 3D laser scanning technology has been widely applied to digital archive and management of historical buildings, and that is enormous contributions for human civilization inherited. But the technology is limited by complex structure of scanned object or shaded of spatial pattern, and some important and pivotal 3D digital mode will be lost, and resulting in subsequent applied problems. In this study, try to obtain miss 3D point cloud by 3D laser scanning using SfM, and reintegrate to the original 3D point cloud model for insufficiency of 3D laser scanning technology. Get the relationships of photo distance, number of photos and deviation of 3D point cloud mode through the targets are uniformly scattered in a square wall with the area of 1.80m×1.20m. The research results show that the..........

[1]. Mir Mohammad Azad, AbhikBarua, ShrminSultana : A REVIEW ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE, International Journal of Civil Engineering, Construction and Estate Management, Vol.3, No.2, pp.48 –58, June 2015 (2015).
[2]. Y. C. Lina , T. C. Wub , M. F. Hsu : 3D DIGITAL SIMULATION OF MINNAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE CAISSON'S CRAFT TECHNIQUES, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-5/W2, pp.403 –408 (2013).
[3]. Stephen E. Reutebuch, Robert J. McGaughey, Hans-Erik Andersen, and Ward W. Carson: Accuracy of a high-resolution lidar terrain model under a conifer forest canopy, Can. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 527–535 (2013).
[4]. NatanMicheletti, Jim H Chandler, Stuart N Lane : Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry, Geomorphological Techniques, Chap. 2, Sec. 2.2 (2015), British Society for Geomorphology (2015).
[5]. T. H. MAIMAN : Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby, Nature 187, pp.493 – 494 (1960)...

Abstract: Efficient refrigeration system using eco friendly refrigerants are of great importance with the growing application of it. It has been investigated that using expanders in vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) in place of conventional VCRS is a viable option to improve the energy efficiencies of refrigeration systems. Advancement in technology also supports the idea to manufacture and integrate expanders into practical VCRS. The present research focuses on analyzing the performance of eco friendly refrigerants in such a system. In the study four refrigerants namely R134a, R1233zd(E), R423a and R1243zf are considered in a expander based VCRS and the thermodynamic analysis is of the system using these refrigerants are done. R134a is taken as a base refrigerant to compare the outcome of other three refrigerants in the system. The COP of the VCRS is found to be in following order R1233zd(E), R134a, R423a and R1243zf where R1233zd(E) has the largest.......

Keywords: Alternative Refrigerants, COP, Expander, Refrigeration System, Exergetic efficiency

[1]. Alison Subiantoro, Kim Tiow Ooi (2013), " Economic analysis of the application of expanders in medium scale air-conditioners with conventional refrigerants, R1234yf and CO2", International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol 36, No. 5; pp: 1472-1482.
[2]. A.M. Omer (2008), "Green energies and the environment", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 12; pp: 1789-1821.
[3]. Bingchun Yang, Xueyuan Peng, Shaoyi Sun, Bei Guo & Ziwen Xing (2009), "Study of a Rotary Vane Expander for the Transcritical CO2 Cycle—Part I: Experimental Investigation", HVAC&R Research, 15; 4; pp: 673-688.
[4]. Bjorn Palm (2007), "Hydrocarbons as refrigerants in small heat pump and refrigeration systems-A review", International Journal of Refrigeration, 31; pp: 552-563.
[5]. D. Coulomb (2006), "Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director of the International Institute of Refrigeration", Conference of Parties 12 in Nairobi, Kenya; p:1...

Abstract: This paper present the brief review on mechanical behavior of aluminium 6061 based composite. The aluminum alloy 6061 based composite attain different properties with addition of different type of reinforcement. Various researchers done the experiments with adding different types of reinforcement material and attains different property. These composite has high strength and stiffness to weight ratio. The fabricated composite may be used for light weight and high strength applications. Every researchers draw different conclusions. Most of researchers concluded that when the weight % of reinforcement increases in base metal, the mechanical properties of composites like hardness, compressive strength and tensile strength increases. The various researchers observed the surfaces of fabricated sample on Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Keywords: Al alloy 6061, Reinforcement material, Hardness, Tensile strength, Compressive strength, SEM

[1]. Ramnath, B. Vijaya, C. Elanchezhian, R.H Annamali, S.Aravind, T.Sri Ananda Atreya,V.Vignesh and C.Subramaniam." Aluminium metal matrix composites- a review".Sci38,2014:55-60

[2]. Kini, Achutha U, Sharma S.S, Jagannath K, Prabhu R P, and Shankar Gowri., Characterization study of aluminium 6061 hybrid composite. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering 2015,9 (6), 684-688.

[3]. Arun LR, and Kumar N Suneel, Kulkarni,Effect of Al2O3 and fly ash reinforced particulates for fatigue behaviour of the Al6061T6 alloy composite.

[4]. Kandpal BC, Singh H,Fabrication and characterization of Al2O3/Al alloy 6061 composites fabricated by stir casting, Materials Today Proceedings, 2017 Dec 31;4(2):278392.

[5]. Alaneme KK, Olubambi PA,Corrosion and wear behaviour of rice husk ash-Alumina reinforced Al–Mg–Si alloy matrix hybrid composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology; 2013 (2),188-94..

Abstract: The pedestrian bridge (PB) is one of the relatively the safest facilities that makes it easy for pedestrians on urban highways. The construction of the pedestrian bridge becomes one of the recommended forms of urban transport infrastructure to reduce traffic accidents. However, most of the PB not utilized optimally. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the use of PB and pedestrian interest in using it and the principle of its application to be effective. The research site is focused on trade and education area (PB front Mall Makassar Town Square and front of the Mandai Elementary School of Makassar). The research data comes from survey results and field interviews. The type of these researches are Qualitative and Descriptive Analysis. The results of these researches.........

Keywords: Pedestrian Bridge, Effectiveness, Convenience, Safety..

[1] Tanan, N. (2011). Walking Facilities. Center for Research and Development of Roads and Bridges, Ministry of Public Works (December 2011), Bandung

[2] Harahap, H. H. (2014). Characteristic Analysis of Bridge Usage Crossing In Area Shopping in Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Palembang. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol. 2, No. 1 (March 2014): 146-153.

[3] Sari, D. M., Nahry, Agah, H. R. (2015). The Assessment Of Feasibility And Effectiveness Of Pedestrian Facilities. International Journal Of Technology (October 2015) 5: 770-779.

[4] Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 03/PRT/M/2014 Year 2014, Guidelines for Planning, Provision and Utilization of Pedestrian Network Facilities in Urban Areas, Jakarta...

Abstract: The demand for air transport movement, air transport traffic and passengers at Syukuran Aminuddin Amir Luwuk Airport increased from the growth and development of airport facilities, so that the operational performance decreased. To anticipate this, it will be necessary to increase facilities strategy, according to the dynamics of transportation demand in the future. This study aims to analyze how the performance of the availability of infrastructure and airport facilities using quantitative and Norms, Standards, Procedures and Criteria (NSPC) analysis. Found that runway and existing terminal conditions are not able to serve the movement of aircraft and passengers for the next 15 years.

Keywords: Transportation demand, Aircraft Movement, Runway and terminal

[1]. Adisasmita, Sakti Adji, 2012. Flight and Airport, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta
[2]. Freddy, Joy, 2008. Analysis of Queue at Manado City Karombasan Terminal, Smartek Journal, Volume 6 Number 3 Hammer
[3]. Horonjeff, R, and McKelvey, F., 2010, Planning & Design of Airports, Fifth Edition, John Wiley Sons. New York.
[4]. Honesti, Leli, 2012, Economic and Financial Analysis Development of Minangkabau International Airport In West Sumatra. Journal of Momentum Volume 13 Number 2 ISSN 1693-752X. Padang
[5]. Noviani, S. 2011. Planning for Runway Addition at Airport For the Next 10 Years By Support Vector Regression Method. Faculty of Engineering. Study Industrial Engineering Program. University of Indonesia ..

Abstract: A sustainable concrete structure is constructed to ensure that the total environmental impact during its life cycle, including its use, will be minimal. Sustainable concrete should have a very low inherent energy requirement, be produced with little waste, be made from some of the most plentiful resources on earth, produce durable structures, have a very high thermal mass, and be made with recycled materials. In present investigation the experimental work was carried out to find the mechanical properties of concrete by paper as partial replacement of cement. The specimens were produced with percentage replacements of cement with 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10 % of paper. Moreover...........

Keywords: Papercrete concrete beam, Sustainable concrete, Flexural Strength.

[1]. Nima Ranjbar, Seyyedeh Fatemeh Seyyedalipour, Daryosh Yousefi Kebria, Ghasem Norouznejad. (2014) Study of Utilization of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastes in Production of Concrete. International journal of Research and Applications, 4 (1), 115-122.
[2]. Brajesh Mishra (2013)Study on Use of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as Construction Material. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) , 5 (1), 724-730
[3]. T.Subramani, G.Shanmugam (2015) Experimental Investigation of Using Papercrete and Recycled Aggregate as a Coarse. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), 4 (5), 323-332.
[4]. Suchithra , Manoj Kumar (2014) Study on replacement of coarse aggregate by e-waste in concrete. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications. 3 (4) , 266-270
[5]. Z.Ismail, A.Al-Hashmi, (2008) Use of waste Plasic in Concrete mixture as Aggregate Replacement.Waste Management , 28 , 2041-2047.

Abstract: Construction of concrete has increased every year causing cement demand to increase. Based on data from the Ministry of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia in 2017 predicted that domestic cement demand will increase to 102 million tons. To meet the needs of the cement, Indonesian people use portlandcement. But the basic ingredients in the manufacture of portland cement is limestone, are non-renewable natural resources and diminishing supply. So another innovation is needed to make cement based on environmentally friendly and renewable natural resources. One of them is by utilizing the bagasse ash which is generated from the production of sugar factories, eggshells are usually discarded by the people of Indonesia after eating eggs and simping shells disposable after eating clam meat. Though simping shell and egg shell contains a lot of CaO compounds which are the basic ingredients in the manufacture of cement and ash of bagasse that contains a lot of SiO2 compounds that can be used as a glue in the manufacture of cement. So this research is done by making the samples of shell-based eco-cementsimping.........

Keywords: Bagasse Ash, Eco-cement, Egg Shells, Simping Shells

[1]. Ariesta F, Sawitri, D. 2013. " StudiEksperimentalPembuatanEkosemendari AbuSampahdanCangkangKerangsebagaiBahanAlternatifPengganti Semen".TugasAkhir. JurusanTeknikFisika ITS Surabaya JawaTimur.
[2]. BPPPT GulaPutihMataram. 2002. HasilAnalisisBaggase, Blotong, dan Abu.
[3]. Gunawan, Kevin Sanjoyo. 2016. Pengaruh Penambahan Gondorukem Sebagai Zat Perekat Untuk Meningkatkan Sifat Mekanik Eco-Cement Berbahan Dasar Abu Sampah Dan Limbah Kulit Kerang. Surabaya
[4]. Rattanashotinunt, Chaiyanunt, PongsiriThairit, WeerachartTangchirapat, and Chai Jaturapitakkul. 2013. "Use of Calcium Carbide Residue and Bagasse Ash Mixtures as a New Cementitious Material in Concrete" 46: 106–11.
[5]. SNI 15-2049-2004. 2004. Semen Portland. Bandung. Badan Standarisasi Nasional

Abstract: Soil stabilization is one of most important for the construction which is widely used in connection with pavements and structures because it improves the engineering properties of soil. Utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement of soils is a cost efficient and environmental friendly method. Stabilization of the expansive soil is studied by using flyash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace. In the present investigation is to evaluate the compaction, CBR and unconfined compressive strength of stabilized black cotton soil using flyash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace with different percentages. The geotechnical properties like compaction parameters has increased enabling increase California Bearing Ratio in both soaked and unsoaked conditions which indicates that improved in strength. From these results, it was found that optimum GGBS is 5 % and 5% flyash gives the maximum increment in the CBR and UCS values compared with all the other combinations.

[1]. Snethen, D.R. et al., "A Review of Engineering Experiences with Expansive Soils in Highway Subgrades", Interim Report, Prepared for Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, 1975.
[2]. Chen, F. H. (1988), "Foundations on expansive soils", Chen & Associates, Elsevier Publications, U.S.A.
[3]. Anil Kumar Sharma, Sivapullaiah P V.(2011), " Soil Stabilization with Waste Materials Based Binder", Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, December 15- 17, 2011, Kochi (Paper No. H-119), 2011, pp.413–416.
[4]. Kiran B. Biradar, V. K. Chakravarthi, U. Arun Kumar (2014), "Efficacy of Industrial waste admixture in Improving Engineering Performance of Clayey soil – A quantitative study" American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936 Volume-3, Issue-9, pp-251-263

Abstract: Motor vehicle mechanics in the informal sector (Jua Kali) have skills and competencies acquired through formal and informal training. However, the skills and levels of competencies of most mechanics can not be ascertained; whether the artisans can continue to competently serve the growing market of increasingly sophisticated imported vehicles and the attendant dynamics in the market. There is also a querry if the entry level skills of the artisan has changed over time while on the field as a result of interaction with customers, and the market environment. It is the desire of the artisans to improve their skills, knowledge and level of competencies so that they can serve their customers better, but the formal education setup does not adequately accomodate trainees from the informal sector thereby limiting avenues for skills and competency development. The purpose of this study was to establish..........

Keywords: Skills, Competency gaps, Competency Based Education and Training, Informal Sector, Motor Vehicle Mechanics, Gaps Analysis.

[1]. Arvil V. Adams, Sara Johansson de Silva, and Setareh Razmara. (2013). Improving skills development in the informal sector: strategies for sub-saharan africa. Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.
[2]. Atieno, R. (2006). Female Participation in the Labour Market: The case of informal sector in Kenya. African Economic Research Consortium,.
[3]. Hicks, Kremer, Mbiti and Miguel. (2011). Vocational Education Voucher Delivery and Labour Market Returns: A Randomized Evaluation among Kenyan Youth . Kenya : .
[4]. Kenya, G.. (1992). sessional Paper No.2 Small Entreprise and Jua Kali Development in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Press.
[5]. Republic of Kenya (2013). Sector Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (2013-2017). Nairobi: Ministry of Education Science and Technology.

Abstract: Skeletal wide-span circular halls possess large number of variables that cannot be easily identified unless rigorous three-dimensional analysis is managed. Structural optimization for minimum total cost as an objective function needs subdivision of the mathematical process into subsequent phases in order that discrete-valued solutions of slabs, beams, columns and foundation in RC skeletons. Value engineering implementation to such large projects necessitates the examination of various alternatives for the most effective solution. In this study, two-phase genetic algorithm (GA) technique was operated for the search-find procedure for the best solution fulfilling the design constraints after selective.........

Keywords:Structural optimization, RC framed structures, ACI 318-14, Eurocode EC2-2008, ECP 203-2007, Vierendeel, cylindrical shell, folded plate, nonprismatic systems.

[1]. Schmidt, L.C., 1962, Minimum Weight Layouts of Elastic Statically Determinate Triangulated Frames under Alternative Loads System. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10, 139-149.
[2]. Hassanian , M. A. (1992) "Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Frames". M.Sc Thesis , King Fahd University of
[3]. Balling, R. J. and Yao, X. (1997) "Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Frames". Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol 123, No.2. Pp 193-202..
[4]. Rajeev,S. and Krishnamoorthy, C.S.(1998) "Genetic Algorithm-Based Methodology for Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Frames ",Computer –Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol 13. Published by Blackwell Publishers, 350 main street, Malden, USA. Pp63-74.
[5]. Bontempi F., Biondini, F. and Malerba, P.G. (2000)"Fuzzy Based Optimization of Concrete Structures By Using Generic Algorithms", 8th ASCE Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability and Technology.

Abstract: nowadays the use of heat pipes is one of the most effective technique of saving energy & preventing global warming. In heat recovery applications, the heat pipe heat exchangers are used to cool the incoming fresh air in air conditioning systems. Due to increasing in need of HPHx (Heat pipe heat exchanger) in heat recoveryapplication there is a challenge to achieve cost effective solution without compromising on its effectiveness. In this paper the experimentation was carried out to investigate the effect of HPHX on energy recovery in air conditioning system with different array of heat pipes in HPHX. In this experimental work, first one heat pipe was constructed& tested........

Keywords: Energy recovery, Heat pipe heat exchanger, air conditioning application,Fin geometry, FPI, Effectiveness.

[1]. Anjna N. Singh, Jagrati Sharma, "Energy Conservation in India: Challenges & Achievements," International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (IJMIE), ISSN No. 2231 –6477, Volume-1, Issue-3, 2012.
[2]. Runxin He, "Comfort-Aware Building Climate Control Using Distributed-Parameter Models", arXiv:1708.08495v1 [math.OC] ,28 Aug 2017.
[3]. ZhongWei Zhu, HongMing Fan, Cheng Zhang, "Experimental investigations on the effectiveness of micro heat pipe array heat exchanger for heat recovery for residential building", Applied Thermal Engineering, 102,pp. 980–988, 2016.

[4]. S.H. Noie-Baghban, G.R. Majideian, "Waste heat recovery using heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHE) for surgery rooms in hospitals", Applied Thermal Engineering 20, pp. 1271-1282, 2000.
[5]. ThanapholSukchana, ChaiyunJaiboonma, "Effect of filling ratios and adiabatic length on thermal efficiency of long heat pipe filled with R 134-a ", Energy Procedia, 34, pp. 298-306, 2013..

Abstract: Increase in usage of steel in Kenya has been witnessed due to the immense growth in the industrial sector and infrastructure. It is quite evident that as the country transforms herself into a middle income economy, it shall continue to invest heavily in infrastructure and thus steel usage shall with no doubt continue to rise. This paper seeks to forecast steel demand and supply in Kenya till 2030. Time-series model is used to carry out the forecast particularly moving averages and trend projection methods being employed. The results project an increase in steel demand from 1.6 million tons in2014 to 2.7 million tons by 2020 and 4.4 million tons by 2030. Also, of the 1.2 million tons..........

Keywords: Steel, Demand, Forecasting, Time-series, Hot-rolled Coil.

[1]. Chege. J, Ngui. D &Kimuyu P. (2014). Scoping Paper on Kenyan Manufacturing. AGI- Brookings.
[2]. Machira, J.K. (2010). A Study into Steel Processing and Recycling Industry in Kenya, Master's thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology.
[3]. Roberts, P. (1990). Predicting Metal consumption: The case of US Steel. Resource Policy 16 (1), 56-73.
[4]. Crompton, P.L. (2000). Future trends in Japanese Steel Consumption. Resource Policy 26, 103-114.
[5]. Heizer, J.H and Render, B, (2006). Principles of Operations Management (Pearson Prentice Hall) 109-110..

Abstract: Index properties of soils are greatly associated with fine grained soils and the amount of water present in them. Liquid limit, Plastic limit and Shrinkage limit are the important water content parameters and the changes in Index properties of expansive and non expansive soils brought about by the addition of bagasse ash is studied and has been presented in this paper. An attempt also has been made to investigate the alteration in Index properties with the addition of Calcium salts to soil, bagasse ash and lime mixture on immediate and 7 days of curing. Plasticity Index decreased marginally due to the reduction in diffuse double layer thickness caused by the flocculation of particles brought about by the reaction between reactive silica and free lime content present in bagasse ash and also due to the pozzolanic reactivity of Lime. With the addition of Calcium Sulphate and Calcium Chloride, Plasticity Index decreased further for non expansive soils. Plastic limit and shrinkage limit increased due to the increase in divalent ions with increased supply of Calcium ions and as a result, double layer thickness further reduced

Keywords: flocculation, cation exchange, bagasse ash, lime, Calcium Sulphate, Calcium Chloride

[1]. Sridharan.A, Nagaraj.H.B, Prasad.P.S (2000) Liquid Limit of Soils from Equilibrium Water Content in One-Dimensional Normal compression, Geotech. Engg, 143, pp: 165-169
[2]. Sivapulliah P.V, Ramesh H.N, Sridharan A (1992) Effect Of Sulphate On The Physical Properties Of Lime-Stabilized Kaolinitic Soils, Clay research, 11 (1), pp:6-12
[3]. Adrian O. Eberemu, (2013) Evaluation of bagasse ash treated lateritic soil as a potential barrier material in waste containment application, Acta Geotechnica, 8, pp: 407–421.
[4]. Ramesh H.N, Siva Mohan M, Sivapullaiah P.V, Srinivas S.P (2002) Effect of Muddanur flyash on index and compaction behavior of expansive soils, IGC, 1, pp:249-252 Ibtehaj Taha Jawad, 5Mohd Raihan Taha, Zaid Hameed Majeed and Tanveer A. Khan

(2014) Soil Stabilization Using Lime: Advantages, Disadvantages and Proposing a Potential Alternative Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 8(4), pp : 510-520
[5]. Sharma RS, Phanikumar BR, Rao BV (2008) Engineering behaviour of a remolded expansive clay blended with lime, calcium chloride, and rice-husk ash. J Mater Civ Eng 20(8):509–515.