iosr-JNHS   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2017

Abstract: The present study was conducted to explore the degree of depression observed among the mothers of Mentally Challenged Children and to evaluate the effectiveness of structured coping intervention on the degree of depression. The mothers, who have mentally challenged children and have enrolled these children in Institutions for Special Children in Mysore, were considered for the research investigation. The research design selected for the present study was Experimental Before Intervention and After Intervention with Control Group. A total of 120 mothers, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered for the study following the pilot study...........

[1] Araya R et al., (2006);"Cost effectiveness of A Primary Care Treatment Program for Depression in Low-Income Women in Santiago, Chile". Am J Psychiatry, 163:1379-87.
[2] Fartheen A, et al., (2003) "coping strategies in families with mentally retarded children", Indian Journal for the Practicing Doctor. Vol. 30; P 98-104.
[3] Hashim H A et al, (2011) The Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Autogenic Relaxation on Young Soccer Players' Mood States. Asian J Sports Medicine Jun; 2(2); PP 99-105..
[4] Ram S et al.,(2013)"Effectiveness of Group Psycho-Education on Well Being and Depression Among Breast Cancer Survivors of Melaka, Malaysia", Indian J palliate Care, Jan;19(1):PP34-9.
[5] Sreedevi T R, sukumar P S (2010); "Facilitating Factors of Coping in Mothers of Children with Mental Retardation"; The Nursing Journal of India: October Vol. Cl No. 10

Abstract: Background: Premarital counselling is one of the most important strategies for prevention of genetic disorders, congenital anomalies and several medical, psychosocial marital problems. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of application of Health Belief Model on females' knowledge and Practice regarding premarital counseling. Design: a quasi-experimental design was used. Setting: the current study was conducted at administrative building at Benha University. Sample: A purposive sample of 340 females out of (n=2306) and randomly divided into an intervention group (170) and control. Three tools were used for data collection; 1) a structured interview questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic characteristics and females' knowledge regarding premarital counselling. 2)...........

Keywords: Behavior, Health Beliefs Model, premarital counseling.

[1] Available from http://www.moh.gov.sa/HealthAwareness/Before marriage/Pages/default.aspx.
[2] Congenital anomalies Fact sheet Updated September (2016): Ministry of Health [MOHP] (2010). Standards of practice for integrated MCH/RH Services: First Edition. Available at: http://www.drguide.mohp.gov.eg/newsite/ELearning
[3] Marriage preparation. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. http://www.aamft.org/iMIS15/Content/Consumer_Updates/Marriage_Preparation.aspx. Accessed Oct. 9, 2014.
[4] Correia, P.S., Vitiello, P., Cabral, M.H., and Cardoso, A., (2013): Conceptions on genetics in a group of college students Community Genet; 4:115–123
[5] .Ahmed, S., (2011): Risk reduction of genetic disorders by pre-marital and neonatal screening. Eastern Bioethics and Life Sciences. Dubai, UAE. Retrieved May 20th, from http: //www.life sciences magazines.com.

Abstract: Background:Hypertension is one of the most common communicable chronic diseases affecting people worldwide. Hypertension is also a major risk factor for cardiac diseases specially coronary and ischemic heart diseases as well as hemorrhagic stroke. the prevalence of hypertension in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is about 26.1 %. Aim and objectives: Estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to determine the level of awareness with regards to risk factors, presenting features and complications of hypertension among a sample from Jeddah population, Saudi Arabia............

[1]. Chobanian, A.V., et al., The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. Jama, 2003. 289(19): p. 2560-2571.
[2]. Sharma, A.K., S. Bhardwaj, and S. Chaturvedi, Predictors of hypertension in an urban Indian population. Indian heart journal, 2005. 58(1): p. 21-27.
[3]. Wilson, P.W., et al., Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation, 1998. 97(18): p. 1837-1847.
[4]. Association, A.D., Treatment of hypertension in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2003. 26(suppl 1): p. s80-s82.
[5]. Al-Nozha, M.M., et al., Hypertension in Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal, 2007. 28(1): p. 77-84.

Abstract: The new trend toward evidence-based practice improvement and nursing care underscores the need for redesigning care that is effective and efficient. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of education and training interventions to improve EBP' knowledge, skills, and, attitudes among nursing students in Shaqra University. Design: A quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design was used between an experimental group, and a comparison group. Setting: The study was conducted in the College of Applied Medical Sciences in Shaqra University...........

Keywords: EBP, education and training interventions, barriers, information resources

[1]. Makic MBF, Martin SA, Burns' S, Philbrick D, Rauen C. Putting evidence into practice: four traditional practices not supported by the evidence. Critical Care Nurse.2013; 33(2):28-44.).

[2]. Schulman, C. S. (2008). Strategies for starting a successful evidence-based practice program. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 19(3), 301–311; quiz312-313.doi:10.1097/01.AACN.0000330381. 41766.2a

[3]. Soukup, M., & McCleish, J. (2008). Advancing evidence-based practice: A program series. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 39(9), 402–406.

[4]. Manspeaker SA., Van Lunen BL., Turocy PS., Pribesh S., Hankemeier D. (2011). Student knowledge, attitudes, and use of evidence-based concepts following an educational intervention. Athl Train Educ J. 6(2):88-98).

Abstract: Intensive care today is the composite of a cohort of critically ill patients nursed in one environment that facilitates the support of organs to maintain physiological normality. Egyptians had documented procedures resembling tracheostomies to treat airway obstruction from as early as 1500 BC. Critical care or ICU nursing is a specialization of nursing which deals specifically with patients experiencing high-dependency, life –threatening conditions. In Egypt, Since the 1950s, intensive care has grown into a specialty in its own right. Significant technological advances...........

Keywords: Critical Care, Egypt, Innovative, Project.

[1]. Szmuk P, Ezri T, Evron S, Roth Y, Katz J. A brief history of tracheostomy and tracheal intubation, from the Bronze Age to the Space Age. Intensive Care Med. 2008 Feb;34(2):222-8.
[2]. Munro, Cindy L. The ''Lady with the Lamp'' Illuminates Critical Care Today. Am J Crit Care 2010; 19:315-317.
[3]. Adhikari NK, Fowler RA, Bhagwanjee S, Rubenfeld GD. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. Lancet. 2010 Oct 16;376(9749):1339-46.
[4]. McGaughey J, Alderdice F, Fowler R, Kapila A, Mayhew A, Moutray M. Outreach and Early Warning Systems (EWS) for the prevention of intensive care admission and death of critically ill adult patients on general hospital wards. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul; (3) CD005529.
[5]. Jones D, George C, Hart GK, Bellomo R, Martin J. Introduction of medical emergency teams in Australia and New Zealand: a multi-centre study. Crit Care. 2008;12(2): R46. Epub 2008 Apr 7

Abstract: Technology influences the life of human beings in different ways always with the objective of promoting the rise and development of knowledge in pursuit of quality of life and health, in health, technology is not opposed to human touch, but is configured as agent and the object of this touch. This study aims to know the literature production in the selected area on the analysis of the technological development in health. This is a descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach, the literature review type, and made from certain inclusion criteria: that specifically address the proposed theme...........

Keywords: Health, Technology, Technological development

[1]. Albuquerque EM, Cassiolato JE. As especificidades do sistema de inovação do setor saúde. Rev Economia Política. 2002; 22(4): p. 3-19.

[2]. Barra DCC, Nascimento ERP, Martins JJ, Albuquerque GL, Erdmann AL. Evolução histórica e impacto da tecnologia na área da saúde e da enfermagem. Rev. Eletr. Enf. [Internet]. 2006;8(3): p. 422-30.

[3]. Erdmann AL et al. Evolução histórica e impacto da tecnologia na área da saúde e da enfermagem. Rev Eletrônica de Enf. 2006; 8(3), p. 422-430.

[4]. Guimarães R et al. Não há saúde sem pesquisa: avanços no Brasil de 2003 a 2010. 2012; Rev Baiana de Saúde Pública, 36(1), p. 55-65.

Abstract: Emesis Gravidarum is one of major complications which most often occur during pregnancy. Emesis Gravidarum normally arises approximately 60-80% of Primigravida and 40-60% of Multigravida and around 90% of pregnant women happen to suffer from this particular state of health during pregnancy. Excessive Emesis might cause dehydration and severe malnutrition which will eventually impact on infant's growth and development. The research was aimed at identifying the effectiveness of ice cream in decreasing the level of vomitinging frequency of pregnant women suffering from Emesis Gravidarum...........

Keywords: Ice cream, Emesis Gravidarum.

[1]. Astawan, (2009), Makanan Sehat Bagi Ibu Hamil, www//http:Infogizi.com
[2]. Astawan, ,(2009), Kandungan Gizi Es Krim, www//http:Infogizi.com
[3]. Denise, (2004), Mual dan Muntah Kehamilan. Jakarta, Buku Kedokteran EGC.
[4]. Dewi, (2011), Asuhan Kehamilan Untuk Kebidanan. Jakarta, Salemba Medika.
[5]. Mansjoer, A. ( 2009), Kapita Slekta Kedokteran. Jakarta, Aesculapius Media.

Abstract: The woman in labor will normally feel fear and anxiety. These conditions will obviously create impact on the process of delivery and can eventually prolong the time of delivery of both first stage and second stage. Furthermore, bleeding at post partum will likely be inevitable. Women's anxiety during delivery can be managed through guided imagery therapy in which their imaginations are specially designed to bring about potentially positive effect. The research aims to identify the effectiveness of guided imagery therapy towards women's anxiety in delivery. The research deployed pre experiment design...........

Keywords: Delivery, Anxiety, Guided Imagery Therapy

[1]. Chapman, V. 2006. Asuhan Kebidanan Persalinan Dan Kelahiran, (terjemahan). Jakarta: EGC
[2]. Delaune . S. C. And Ladner, P. K. 2002. Fundamentals of Nursing Standar and Practice. 2nd Edition. USA : Thomson – Delmar Learning.
[3]. Enkin, 2002. Guided Imagery That Heal., The U.S Journal Inc. http://www.counselormagazine.com /content/view/189/63/ diakses tanggal 20 Maret 2012 jam 14.33 WIB.
[4]. Fajar ,dkk. 2009. Statistik Untuk Paraktisi Kesehatan. Yogyakarta : 2009.
[5]. Meria. 2005. Teori Kecemasan http://perawatpskiatri.blogspot.com/2009/03/teori-kecemasan.html diakses tanggal 31 maret 2012 jam 07.05 WIB

Abstract: Good quality of health service will surely influence patients' satisfaction, and satisfaction will lead to patients' loyalty towards the institution providing health service as the organizer of National Health Insurance (JKN) program. The research aimed to analyze the quality of health service of JKN program and its influence upon patients' satisfaction towards the service of public health centers as JKN program executors. The research deployed ex-post facto research design, associative explanation level, in the form of causal variable, and with data collection through cross sectional. The research population was patients of public health centers across Jember district as JKN members............

Keywords: Quality of health service, Patient's satisfaction, National Health Insurance.

[1]. Kemenkes (2011). Lima Strategi Operasional Turunkan Angka Kematian. www.depkes.go.id (diakses 5 Juni 2011 pada pukul 18.15)
[2]. Kemenkes (2013). Buku Pegangan Sosialisasi Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) dalam Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional, Jakarta: Kemenkes & JKN.
[3]. Hardiman, Achmad. 2003. Rumah Sakit Indonesia Belum Siap Bersaing. melalui http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetakr/0412/22/humaniora1455383 html-4k. 4/21/04. ( diakses 3 Maret 2014)
[4]. Morgan, Robert M and Shelby Hunt. 1994. The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing. Journal of Marketing 58: 20-38.
[5]. Belanger, Charles, Joan Mount and Mathew Wilson. 2002. Institutional Image and Retention. Tertiary Education and Managemenet 8: 217-230.

Abstract: In this paper we assess the pre test and post test knowledge regarding depression among care givers of depressive patients in selected hospitals of city. Then we assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on depression among care givers of depressive patients. We find out the significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge score regarding depression among care givers of depressive patients. The pre-test the mean of the knowledge score obtained by the subjects was 8.00±3.08. The findings reveal that in pre test 63.33% of caregivers of depressive patients were having average knowledge, 23.33% had were having good, 10% poor and 3.33% had very good level of knowledge score............

Keywords: Planned teaching, t-test, p-value, care givers, depressive patient, and effectiveness.

[1]. Andrade L, Caraveo-A.. Epidemiology of major depressive episodes: Results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys. Int JMethods Psychiatr. 2003;12(1):3–21. doi:10.1002/mpr.138. PMID 12830306
[2]. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication(NCS-R).jama.2003;289(203):3095–105..
[3]. World Health Organization. The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope; 2001 [Retrieved 2008-10-19].
[4]. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington: The World Bank; 2006.
[5]. Vebia N Vihang. Management of depression in primary care. Journal of Indian Medical Association 2012 Feb; 103(2): 68-70.

Abstract: Unconsciousness is a condition of being unaware of one's surroundings as in sleep or of being unresponsive to stimulation. Therefore, to facilitate the recovery process, coma arousal technique has been developed. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of coma arousal technique on clinical outcomes of unconscious patients. Study design: A quasi-experimental design was utilized. Study setting: Neuro, chest and medicine intensive care units at Ain –Shams University Specialized Hospital. Study sample: The purposeful sampling of sixty patients were randomly and alternatively divided into two equal groups (study& control),30 subjects each............

Keywords: Coma arousal technique, Clinical outcome, Unconscious.

[1]. Black JM, Hawks JH. Medical Surgical Nursing. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2009. P. 1792-3.
[2]. Popescu C1, Anghelescu A1, Daia C1 and Onose G1. Actual data on epidemiological evolution and prevention endeavours regarding traumatic brain injury Med Life J. 2015;8(3):272-7.
[3]. Mclean M, Ruff S, Graber p and Bucher L. Medical Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. 8thed. Philadelphia: Mosby & Elsevier; 2011; 483,507.
[4]. Pornnipa U, Chanokporn J and Surachai K. Effects of the sensory stimulation program on recovery in unconscious patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 2009; 41 (3):501-9.
[5]. Oh, H and Seo W. Sensory stimulation programme to improve recovery in comatose patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2003.12 ;( 3) 394-4.

Abstract: Back ground: cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Cervical cancer if detected early is one of the most preventable cancers because of its slow progression, cytological identifiable precursors, and effective treatments. It is important to be aware teachers of the facts about cervical cancer and especially of screening techniques which can be utilized in low-resource settings Objectives: To assess knowledge among study sample related to cervical cancer and find out relationship between teacher's knowledge and studied variables.............

Keywords: Cervical cancer, Secondary Schools, Teachers' knowledge

[1]. Roland, K.; Bernard, V.; Saraiya, M.; Hawkins, N.; Brandit, H. and Friedman, A.: Assessing cervical cancer screening guideline in patient education materials. Journal of women´s Health, 2009, 18 (1), p.p. 5-12.
[2]. Balogun, M.; Odukoya, O.; Oyediran, M. and Ujomu, P.: Cervical Cancer Awareness and Preventive Practices: A Challenge for Female Urban Slum Dwellers in Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal Reprot Health, 2012, p.p. 16, 75-82.
[3]. Powe, B.: Perception of cancer fatalism and cancer knowledge: A comparison of younger and older African American women. Journal of psychological oncology. 2006, 24 (3) p.p.11-20.
[4]. Vandana, M.; Vani, C.; Balachandran, A.; Vani, C. Balachandran, V.: Pap smear. Indian Journal Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 2009, p.p. 75:214-6.
[5]. Samira, Z.; Assoumou, P.; Barthelme, M.; M.; Angelique, N.; Mustapha, M.; Abdelkim, K. and Mustapha, E.: Awareness and knowledge regarding of cervical cancer, Pap smear screening and human papillomavirus infection in Gabonese women. Women's Health, 2015, p.p. 15-37.

Abstract: Background: Mental illness is a condition that impacts a person's thinking, feeling or mood and may affect his or her ability to relate to others and function on a daily basis.Psychotropic drugs are now the first line treatment to treat mental illness. Poor medication compliance is found to be almost certainly the single most important factor in poor treatment response.The study was aimed to assess the attitude towards the administration of psychotropic medication among the caregivers of patients with mental illness. Materials and methods: A descriptive research approach with non-experimental design was adopted............

Keywords: Attitude, administration, psychotropic medications, caregivers, mental illness.

[1] https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions
[2] Pareek B, Kalia R. Factors affecting non-compliance to psychotropic drugs of patients with psychosis as perceived by their family members attending the psychiatric outpatient department at selected hospital, Mangalore. Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal 2013 Apr;9(2).
[3] http://www.financialexpress.com/article/healthcare/happening-now/260000000-indians-suffer-from-mental-health-disorders/69815/
[4] Pescosolido BA, Perry BL, Martin JK, McLeod JD, Jensen PS. Stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs about treatment and psychiatric medications for children with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2007 May;58(5):613-8.
[5] Griffith, Tracy H. Caregiver views on medication treatment for persons with schizophrenia in a cultural context. Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) DissertationsPaper 21. May 03, 2012. [online]. Available from: URL:http://repository .upenn. edu/edissertations_ sp2/21

Abstract: Elective and emergency caesarean sections are increasing in the low income countries. Over the last fifteen years or so, spinal anaesthesia has been gradually escalated in Kenyan Hospitals. In Kisumu County Hospital (KCH), the cases of caesarean sections done under spinal anaesthesia have increased tremendously from one in every ten to seven in every ten cases in a span of 7 years. Despite documented safety for the procedure, complications can highly influence the mother's perception of quality of care. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate patient satisfaction after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section............

[1]. Apfelbaum, J. L., Chen, C., Mehta, S. S., & Gan, T. J. (2003). Postoperative Pain Experience: Results from a National Survey Suggest Postoperative Pain Continues to Be Undermanaged. http://doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000068822.10113.9E
[2]. Bhattarai, B., Rahman, T. R., Sah, B. P., & Singh, S. N. (2005). Central neural blocks: a quality assessment of anaesthesia in gynaecological surgeries. Nepal Medical College Journal : NMCJ, 7(2), 93–96.
[3]. Casey, W. F. (2000). Spinal Anaesthesia - a Practical Guide The Advantages of Spinal Anaesthesia Disadvantages of Spinal Anaesthesia. Update in Anaesthesia, 12(12), 1–7. Retrieved from http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u12/u1208_01.htm
[4]. Dharmalingam, T. K., & Ahmad Zainuddin, N. A. (2013). Survey on maternal satisfaction in receiving spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences : MJMS, 20(3), 51–4. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral. nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3743982&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

Abstract: Proper handling of inhalers is essential for effective treatment of COPD and asthma patients. Nurses has a key role in educating asthma and COPD patients about correct handling of inhalers. In this study, the nurses' knowledge of handling DISKUS inhaler is evaluated before and after a training. The training included a written instruction, an educational video, and a demonstration. For evaluation, both a questionnaire and checklist, for step-by-step demonstration, were used. Seventy percent of nurses failed the questionnaire before the training, which is reduced to ten percent after the training. All nurses handled inhaler properly after the training, while they had at least two mistakes before the training. This study proves that educating nurses about handling inhalers is needed.

Keywords: inhaler, DISKUS, patient education, nurse, COPD, asthma

[1]. American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. (2015). Asthma Statistics, United States. Retrieved from http://www.aaaai.org/about-the-aaaai/newsroom/asthma-statistics.aspx
[2]. Burks, A. W. (2012). Allergies, asthma, and respiratory disease affect many. This report will give you the tools to fight back. Retrieved from https://www.aaaai.org/Aaaai/media/MediaLibrary/PDF%20Documents/Announcements/USA-Today_Respiratory Health.pdf

[3]. Osman, A., Hassan, I. S. A., & Ibrahim, M. I. M. (2012). Are Sudanese community pharmacists capable to prescribe and demonstrate asthma inhaler devices to patrons? A mystery patient study. Pharm Pract, 10(2), 110-115.
[4]. Lavorini, F., Magnan, A., Dubus, J. C., Voshaar, T., Corbetta, L., Broeders, M., &Sanchis, J. (2008). Effect of incorrect use of dry powder inhalers on management of patients with asthma and COPD. Respiratory Medicine, 102(4), 593-604.

[5]. Press, V. G., Arora, V. M., Shah, L. M., Lewis, S. L., Ivy, K., Charbeneau, J., ... & Krishnan, J. A. (2011). Misuse of respiratory inhalers in hospitalized patients with asthma or COPD. Journal of general internal medicine, 26(6), 635-642.

Abstract: Objective: Despite using the most appropriate methods of prevention, the incidence of pressure ulcers is still considered as a major problem of health care in all health systems. A group of patients at high risk for this problem, there are patients who are undergoing open heart surgery. But few studies have been done about the risk of pressure ulcers in this group of patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hemodynamic statuses with the risk of pressure ulcers development in patients after heart surgery is done. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study conducted in cardiac intensive care unit of Bu Ali Sina hospital in Qazvin. Eighty two patients who were undergoing cardiac surgery............

Keywords: pressure ulcer, hemodynamic, cardiac surgery, risk, manifestation

[1]. Ruggiero C. Pressure Ulcer Assessment and Documentation. Master's Theses, Dissertations, Graduate Research and Major Papers Overview. Paper 127. 2015.
[2]. Chaboyer W, Mills PM, Roberts S, Latimer S. Physical activity levels and torso orientations of hospitalized patients at risk of developing a pressure injury: An observational study. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2015; 21(1): 11-7.
[3]. McGinnis E, Greenwood DC, Nelson EA, Nixon J. A prospective cohort study of prognostic factors for the healing of heel pressure ulcers. Age and ageing. 2013: aft187.
[4]. Rubayi S. Pressure Ulcers: An Important Condition in Medicine and Surgery. Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of Pressure Ulcers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2015. 1-4.
[5]. Azimian J, Nayeri Dehghan N, Pourkhaleghi E, Ansari M. Transdermal Wound Oxygen Therapy on Pressure Ulcer Healing: A Single-Blind Multi-Center Randomized Controlled Trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2015;17(11). e20211

Abstract: One Leg Heel raise test is used extensively in clinical practice to assess the strength of ankle plantar flexors. Though it has good reliability and face validity, there is dearth of evidence for definitive normative values in different decades. Our study assessed 40 subjects each in different decades between 20 to 70 years divided in 5 groups, with a total of 200 subjects, for number of repetitions of one leg heel raise. It was seen that the mean number of repetitions in the decade of 20 to 30 was 32 repetitions and thereafter it reduced gradually, with only an average of 7 repetitions being performed between the decades of 60 to 70 years............

Keywords – Ankle plantar flexors, Calf raise, Decade wise, one leg heel raise

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