iosr-JPBS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2014

Abstract: pot experiment was conducted to study the growth response of Indian spinach (Basella alba L) to biogas plant residues. There were seven treatments comprising of control, recommended NPK fertilizer and biogas plant residues (BPR) @ 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ton ha-1. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that number of leaves; plant height and root length and dry weight of shoot and root obtained with recommended NPK fertilizer were statistically similar to those with control treatment except for number of leaves at 60 DAS.

Abstract: The objective of the research was to investigate the cognitive effects of clinical variables associated with health care in diabetes management in their course over time. The results of the studies show that diabetes and its complications along with socio demographic factors impart a significant impairment in cognitive domains. Thus far no long term large prospective study has specifically examined for the possible effect modification of cognition in diabetic patients in India. With Diabetes becoming an emerging threat and a burden to the country's economy it is vital that screening for cognitive dysfunction; be made as an integral part of the assessment process for subjects with diabetes mellitus. Evidence of significant decrease in cognitive functioning of diabetic patients with regard to Age,

Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is a major threat, especially to liver damage. 100 female patients referred to Virology department of the Jos University teaching Hospital (JUTH), were selected by physicians on the basis of the following criteria: documented HIV infection, no alcohol abuse (≤ 20 g alcohol daily and no history of chronic alcohol consumption), no history of hereditary and autoimmune liver disease, no evidence of hemochromatosis. Data on demographics, drug or alcohol use, and history of liver diseases were obtained at first visit. A month-by-month documentation of the prescribed drug combination allowed a calculation of each patient's individual cumulative drug exposure. Subjects were then classified into control (30), co-infected; on drugs (35) and co-infected; not on drugs (35). The test for HIV antibodies, HBsAg were carried out on day one (at first visit) serum ALT and serum AST were determined three (3) months after detection (day 90; after HIV antigen confirmatory test).
Keywords: alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, drugs, female, hepatitis B virus,human immune deficiency virus.

Abstract: Human immuno deficiency virus is a lentivirus (slowly replicating virus) that cause acquired immuno deficiency syndrome "(AIDS ). HIV attached to the human CD4 receptor and leads to the infection. The most notable, the T-helper cells which plays a central role in immune response are disabled and killed during the typical course of infection.HIV-2 infection is characterised by higher CD4 cell count & lower viral RNA level. The main objective of this project work is to find out potential compound that can help to interrupt the function of HIV-2integrase (IN) protein. In this study, we employed the integrase protein sequence to build suitable drug by homology modeling , which has been checked for high reliability by verify score ,energy minimization for stability and active side prediction. Its accuracy has been verified by the Saves server and Ramachandran plot. The model structure was employed for docking. Known inhibitor taken from the literature docked, and docked at the binding site.
Keywords: HIV- 2,CD4 receptor, Integraseprotein,Computer aided drug designing, Docking.

Abstract: The medicine men have their own home remedies to treat bone fracture. 19 medicine men were interviewed and the information gathered for treating fracture. 24 medicinal plants were identified that are used for treating fracture. Sterculia villosa one of most commonly used medicinal plants is locally known as udad is referred by 10 medicine persons to treat bone fracture cases. Some of them use root paste of Udad alone for curing bone fracture. Some medicine persons add other medicinal plants along with Sterculia villosa

Key words: Dangs, Therapeutic, Ethnobotanical, fracture, Botanical Name, Local Name, Preparation, Application. Sterculia villosa.

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the influence of some process parameters on defined characteristics of sorghum beer during very high gravity fermentation. The yeast (Saccharomyces uvarum)was pitched in very High Gravity Wort from two varieties (red and white) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Changes in some process parameters like pH, specific gravity, percentage alcohol by volume, free amino nitrogen, total reducing sugar, total nitrogen and total protein were investigated over a period of 5 days of fermentation. Results showed that pH values decreased as fermentation proceeded with increased total acidity while alcohol contents of the fermenting wort increased from the first day to the fifth day of fermentation. There were observed decrease in specific gravity, total reducing sugar, free amino nitrogen (FAN), Percentage total nitrogen and Percentage total protein from first day to the fifth day of fermentation. The red sorghum had a lower pH, higher specific gravity and alcohol content than the white sorghum. This showed that Saccharomyces uvarum can grow well in very high gravity sorghum wort and pH, specific gravity, free alpha amino nitrogen is an important aspect of the wort for yeast fermentation.

Keywords: High gravity fermentatiom, sorghum, wort, yeast

Abstract: The effect of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of Terminalia catappa leaves against the larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti mosquito was studied. Early 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and pupae were exposed for up to three days, to a dilution of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% of aqueous extracts and 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500ppm of ethanol and acetone extract of leaves. All tested extracts showed larval mortality. Except aqueous extract, other extracts showed pupal mortality. However, larval mortality was greatest with the ethanol extract followed by acetone and aqueous extract. Maximum pupal mortality was observed in acetone extract followed by ethanolic extract. The aqueous extract did not show any pupal mortality. Based on Probit analysis, the LC50 values of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extract of Terminalia catappa for the 3rd instar larvae was found to be 5%, 166.0ppm and 177.8 ppm and for the pupae it was 169.8 ppm and 161.4 ppm for ethanolic and acetone extract respectively.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION:Coronary Artery Disease (C.A.D.) occurs due to blockage of Coronary arteries by atheroma, leading to inadequate blood supply to heart muscle compared to its need. Manifestations of C.A.D. vary from angina, Myocardial Infarction (M.I.) arrhythmia to sudden death. Oxidative modification of lipoproteins due to lipid peroxidation by free radicals will enhance atheroma formation, aggravating C.A.D. and leading to M.I., the severity of which can be assessed by MALONDIALDEHYDE (MDA) estimation.AIM OF STUDY:The aim of present study is whether MDA level can be used as marker of M.I. and to see whether the different risk factors like smoking, Hypertension (HTN), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Obesity and Alcohol causing peroxidative damage and dyslipoproteinemia will show additive effect in relation to MDA levels

Abstract: Solanum Virginianum L, Azadirachatha Indica, Ocimum Santum, Momoridica Charantia And Aegle Marmelos Herbs Are Extensively Used In Traditional Folk Remedies For A Variety Of Conditions, However, The Plants Possess Anthelmintic And Antimicrobial Activity Potential. The Aim Of The Project Is To Compare All The Herb Extracts For The Above Two Activities Invitro Models. The Phyto Chemical Screening Was Performed For The Above Extracts. The Acute Oral Toxicity Studies Were Performed According To Oecd Guidelines 425.The Aqueous, Petroleum Ether And Methanol Extracts Of S.V.A.I, O.S, M.C And A.M Leaves At The Concentrations Of 12.5 And 25 Mg/Ml Were Evaluated For Anthelmintic Activity In The Indian Earth Worms Pheritima Posthuma Model By Placing Them In 30 Ml In The Petri Dishes And Observed For The Paralysis And Death. Antimicrobial Activity Was Screened By Cup And Plate Method In The Concentration Of 5mg Of Leaves Extracts On Gram Positive And Negative Bacteria Zone Of Inhibition Was Measured. From The Results Obtained, We Conclude That The S.V, A.I, O.S,& A.M, Leaves Extracts At Higher Doses Produces Significant Anthelmintic And Anti-Microbial Activity And Was Comparable To That Produced By Standard Drugs.

Keywords: S.V - Solanum Virginium, A.I - Azadirechta Indica, O.S - Ocimum Sanctum, M.C. - Momordica Charantia, A.M. - Aegle Marmelos.

Abstract: Seed samples were collected from 25 places of north eastern U.P from luxuriantly growing and healthy D.sissoo Roxb plants and stored at room temperature for 6 months.Mycofloral analysis through blotter method revealed the presence of 15 fungal species and agar plate method using czapeks dox agar medium showed the presence of 12 fungal species.During observation one insect-Bruchus pisorum was found to be present in all collected samples.The pathogenicity test put A.niger and Fusarium solani and insect-Bruchus pisorum highly potent and caused high degree of inhibition in germination and also caused high degree of mortality.Volatile constituents extracted in the form of essential oils from 32 plant species were evaluated against the dominant fungi Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani as well as against insect-Bruchus bisporum.The seed kernel oil of Putranjiva exhibited the greatest toxicity.The oil was found to be fungicidal and thermostable at its minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)400ppm.The oil was characterized by the determination of its various physicochemical properties.

Abstract: Serology, defined as antibody-based diagnostics, has been held as the analytical gold standard in transfusion medicine. However, at the present time, the influence of molecular diagnostics in transfusion medicine is rapidly growing. These methods can improve tissue typing (HLA typing), increase safety of blood products (NAT testing of infectious diseases), and enable blood group typing in difficult circumstances (prenatal non-invasive RhD typing and/or post-transfusion of blood products). Generally speaking, molecular testing involves determining the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Abstract: We assessed the efficacy of the diagnostic serological test (CTK Biotech Inc and ACON Laboratories, Inc, USA) for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in TB endemic area of Quetta Pakistan. Among 223 suspected PTB respondents, forty patients were declared as having tuberculosis on the basis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis positive culture being the Gold standard. IgG/IgA testing in a high prevalence area may not be entirely useful. We were more interested in the presence of IgM antibodies based on which patients were classified as positive. The sensitivity of the serological test was very poor than that of sputum culture (70% versus IgM 0%, IgG 55%, IgA 15%).

Key words: Antibodies, Efficacy, Endemic, Pulmonary TB, Serological test

Abstract: "Malaria" a protozoan parasite disease confined mostly to the tropical areas caused by Plasmodium parasites & transmitted by Anopheles mosquito. This parasite mainly infect in blood of human being. Antigenic protein of Plasmodium falciparum i.e.pfM18AAP is a metalloaminopeptidase that function in affecting complete degradation of host haemoglobin. Hence vaccination with pfM18AAP protein would be ideal for disease prevention. The second major feature of malarial pfM18AAPprotein is its capacity to induce neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity, and it is thereby considered as a potential target for vaccine development. In this present study, an effort was taken to design a candidate vaccine applying the techniques of vaccinology. The method includes identification of potential candidate vaccine, epitope prediction, peptide designing, and energy evaluation of the candidate vaccine followed by validation study. The high scoring vaccine candidate was selected .The result revealed that the designed candidate vaccine has a high binding affinity with T-cell receptor.

Keywords: -Malaria, Vaccine, Epitope, Vaccinology, Metalloamino peptidase,

Abstract: The use of chemical compounds to eradicate plant pathogens proved successful but the toxicological and environmental effects of these chemical compounds have been of great concern. However, there is the need for an alternative that is eco friendly. This work aimed at isolating Trichoderma species that has the potential to eradicate plant pathogens. Trichoderma hamatum was isolated from decayed wood sample and the production of hydrolytic enzymes from it was carried out using submerged fermentation under static and shaking incubation conditions. The enzymes produced were tested singly and in combination for their abilities to reduce the growth of pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terrus and Fusarium oxysporum). The enzymes were purified and the activities of the three enzymes produced were maximal on the third day of incubation. All enzymes (crude and partially purified) singly and in combination successfully reduced the growth of the test isolates. The partial purification of the enzymes using ammonium sulphate precipitation result in increase in the enzyme activities.

Keywords: Antifungal, Hydrolase, Submerged fermentation, Test organisms, Trichoderma hamatum.

Abstract: Flavivirus, one of the most important viral pathogen which is also called from the yellow fever virus(flaivirus :yellow in latin),belongs to the family Flaviviridae. The study of relationships among amino acid and other parameters in molecular sequences of these virus are crucial for understanding mechanism of pathogenicity, infection ,regulation and control of the disease. In view of above an attempt has been made to develop a model for mining quantitative association patterns in the amino acid sequence of flavivirus subfamily family. The sequences have been taken form online database "NCBI" .A model is propesed to generate the quantitative association relationships for 12sub-families flavivirus .The results generated have been analyzed for similarities and differences in associations among amino-acid of this family. The association rules have been generated for redundant and non-redundant protein sequences using frequent and in-frequent patterns.

Key words:-dataset, item set, Threshold, Support, Confidence, Pattern , quantitative association mining.

Abstract: Background :The prescribing pattern of antihypertensives by different physicians is not in compliance with that of the standard guidelines given by WHO/JNC-7.The patient factors associated with hypertension like age,sex,the presence or absence of co-morbid diseases along with hypertension will also play a major role in prescribing a particular class of antihypertensive drug. If the standard guidelines and the patient factors are not taken into consideration while prescribing the drugs then the final BP control remains unsatisfactory. Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prescribing pattern,to determine the factors associated with the treatment of the disease.

Abstract: Prescription is an order for medications issued by a physician, veterinarian, dentist or other properly licensed medical practitioner to pharmacist. Incorrect prescription writing habits may lead to substandard therapeutic goals and even can cause drug induced injuries. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) drugs are used in various inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. The missed or wrong information regarding NSAIDs in prescription may lead to irrational drug use and can cause gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and other problems. The present study was carried out to evaluate the prescribing errors in NSAIDs containing prescriptions. We collected a total of 2712 prescriptions by randomly visiting the pharmacies located beside outpatient clinical settings in various towns of Karachi city, Pakistan. Among the omission errors, the absence of prescriber's registration number (94.5%), prescriber's qualification (93.7%), drug's generic name (86.5%),

Abstract: The study was conducted for comparative analysis of multi-drug resistance pattern of Salmonella sp isolated from chicken feces and poultry meat and characterization of the isolated using biochemical, and antimicrobial sensitivity techniques. A total of 20 samples were collected of which 50% were positive to Salmonella. All the culturally positive isolates fermented dextrose, maltose and mannitol with the production of acid and gas but not fermented sucrose and lactose. The same isolates showe Indole and V-P tests negative but M-R test positive.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the reason for frequent failure of carbapenems and β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combination drugs in clinical settings despite susceptibility. For this different isolates collected from clinical specimens were tested for susceptibility and identification of carbapenemase producers was done by phenotypic method (Modified Hodge Test). Further, phenotypic results were compared with the Gold standard PCR results to assess accuracy of the results.

Abstract: Three days old mixed sex juveniles of Nile tilapia (mean weight 0.025 ± 0.009 g; mean length 1.25 ± 0.012 cm) were treated by immersion method with aqueous leaf extract of Basella alba (ALEB) at the concentration of 0.0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 g/l for four weeks. The highest survival percentage (93.8±1.3) was observed in 0.15 g/l group, but there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in survival percentage among the different treatment groups. The highest percentage of males (70.3±1.9) was observed in 0.1 g/l group and it was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to all other treatment categories. Immersion treatment with ALEB caused significant increase (P<0.05) in percentage of males compared to that in untreated control. The extract showed presence of phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, steroids and alkaloids, which might be associated with its androgenic property.

Keywords: Aqueous extract, Basella alba, Orochromis niloticus, Phytochemicals, Sex reversal