iosr-JRME   Volume-15 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – Jun. 2025

Abstract: Background: The 4th Industrial Revolution brings constant changes in technology and knowledge. The school cannot be left behind. Principals and executives are called upon to lead in this new environment. But are they ready? Do they have the right skills? Flexibility, digital knowledge, communication and critical thinking are more important than ever. Experience alone is not enough. New tools and continuous learning are needed. are prepared. It tries to record the needs and deficits. It identifies difficulties and paves the way for capacity building.
Materials and methods.....

Keywords: Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), Educational Leadership, 21st Century Skills, Education 4.0.

[1]. Aljbour HRA. The training needs of educational leaders in Jordanian private universities. Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences. 2021; (65):415-436.
[2]. Awodiji OA, Naicker SR. Preparing school leaders for the fourth industrial revolution: An assessment of their continuous professional development needs. Social Sciences & Humanities Open. 2023; 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100521
[3]. Berkovich I, Bogler R. The relationship between school leadership standards and school administration imperatives: An International perspective. School Leadership & Management. 2019; 40(4):1-14.
[4]. Brun LRA, Pereira-Guizzo CDS. Analysis of the implementation of industry 4.0 strategy in companies in the state of mato grosso. Blucher Engineering Proceedings. 2020. https://doi.org/10.5151/siintec2020-analysisoftheimplementation
[5]. Hai TN, Văn QN. The impact of the fourth industrial revolution on ethical leadership. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future. 2021; 2(3):234-247. https://doi.org/10.28991/hef-2021-02-03-05

Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of disbursement process of Free Day Secondary Education funding on students’ completion rates in public day secondary schools in Mwala Sub-County. The study was guided by Systems Theory of Management originally proposed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1928. A descriptive survey design was employed to enhance simultaneous collection of quantitative and qualitative data. The target population of this study comprised of 52 principals, 208 class teachers and 52 chairpersons and 52 vice chairpersons......

Keywords: Funds, disbursement, students, education, completion rate

[1] Achieng’, M. B., Nduku, E., & Njui, H. (2021). Disbursement Process Of FDSE Funds And Its Influence On Student Retention: A Case Of Migori County, Kenya. JRDO-Journal Of Educational Research, 6(1), 1–18.
[2] Ayako, A. B. (2015). Financing Post-Primary Education In Kenya: A Review Of Structure, Trends And Challenges. International Journal Of Education And Research, 3(4). Retrieved From Http://Www.Ijerm.Com USA.
[3] Bomett, E. J. (2019). Dynamic Of Gross Enrolment Rates: Access And Equity Of Subsidized Secondary Education In Kenya. International Journal Of Research And Innovation In Social Science (IJRISS), 3(2), 349–352.
[4] Kamau, N., & Wambugu, N. (2017). Towards Free Day Secondary Schooling In Kenya: Exposing The Impediments. Journal Of Education And Practice, 8(14). Retrieved From Http://Www.Iiste.Org
[5] Koskei, A. C. (2017). Influence Of Disbursement Time Of Free Primary Education Funds On The Management Of Schools By Head Teachers In Uasin Gishu County. International Journal Of Education, Learning And Development, 5(3), 57-71.

Abstract: The 2018 General Education Program emphasizes holistic student development, focusing not only on academic knowledge but also on fostering students' qualities and competencies. This requires pedagogy students—the future educators—not only to master specialized knowledge but also to develop soft skills, particularly organizational skills. The ability to organize youth work activities is one of the core competencies of teachers, enabling them to enhance teaching.....

Keywords: Student, Pedagogical University, Youth Work, Skills, Activity Organization

[1] Le Thi Lan Anh (2018), The Role Of Volunteer Activities In The Development Of Organizational Skills Among Pedagogy Students, Vietnam Youth Academy.
[2] Nguyen Thanh Binh (2019), Applying Experiential Methods In Training Organizational Skills For Youth Activities, Hue University Publishing House.
[3] Ministry Of Education And Training (2018), General Education Program 2018, Issued Under Circular No. 32/2018/TT-BGDĐT Dated December 26, 2018.
[4] Tran Thị Minh Hang (2019), Enhancing The Ability To Organize Youth Activities For Pedagogy Students, Journal Of Educational Science, (Issue 156), Pp. 20–26.
[5] Nguyen Van Hong (2020), Developing Organizational Skills For Youth Activities In Teacher Training, Vietnam Education Publishing House.

Abstract: A Pre-Experimental Study To Assess The Effectiveness Of Selected Nursing Intervention On Social Interaction Skills Among Mentally Challenged Adolescents In Selected Institution, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh. Introduction The society never treats the mentally challenged adolescents like normal adolescents; they are stated as burden to the family and society. The mentally challenged adolescents have impaired social functioning, so they are neglected and isolated from the society.....

[1] Agarwal, S.P. (2005). Mental Health – An Indian Prospective. New Delhi: Elsivier.
[2] Baker, B; And Brightman, A. (1997). Steps To Independence: Teaching Every Day Skills To Children With Special Needs. Baltimore: Md Paul Bookers.
[3] Basavanthappa, B.T. (2009). Nursing Theories. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
[4] Beevi Assuma, T. M. (2009). Text Book Of Paediatric Nursing. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
[5] Bhatia Hans Raj. (1985). Textbook Of Educational Psychology. New Delhi: Mcmillan Publications.

Abstract: Background: Learning media play a vital role in improving the quality of learning, especially in geometry material considered abstract by elementary school students. The limitations of learning media teachers use, and the low visualization of geometric shapes in the teaching and learning process, become obstacles to achieving student understanding. Augmented Reality (AR) is an innovative solution that allows the visualization of geometric shapes to be more interactive and engaging.....

Key Word: Augmented Reality; elementary school; geometry; learning media.

[1] Komara, E., Hendriana, H. & Suherman, U. THE ROLES OF CHARACTER EDUCATION IN 21ST CENTURY LEARNING. JEE: Journal Of Education Experts 4, (2021).
[2] Badeni, B. & Saparahayuningsih, S. TOWARDS A MODEL OF ATTITUDE AND CHARACTER LEARNING THROUGH TRAINING NEEDED BY TEACHERS. International Journal Of Education And Practice 9, (2021).
[3] Kassymova, G. K., Vafazov, F. R., Pertiwi, F. D., Akhmetova, A. I. & Begimbetova, G. A. Upgrading Quality Of Learning With E-Learning System. In (2021). Doi:10.31643/2021.04.
[4] Nurtanto, M., Kholifah, N., Masek, A., Sudira, P. & Samsudin, A. Crucial Problems In Arranged The Lesson Plan Of Vocational Teacher. International Journal Of Evaluation And Research In Education 10, (2021).
[5] Sulthon, M., Pujiastuti, P. & Retnawati, H. What Is The Teacher’s Challenge On The Developing Of Learning Media To Increase Critical Thinking Ability And The Character? Jurnal Prima Edukasia 9, (2021).

Abstract: Background: This study explores the epistemological beliefs (EB) of higher education teachers in Mumbai, aiming to understand how these beliefs are influenced by demographic and professional variables. Epistemological beliefs—teachers’ perceptions about the nature of knowledge and the process of knowing—play a critical role in shaping teaching practices and student learning. Despite their importance, limited research has addressed how such beliefs vary across teacher characteristics such as gender, age, subject background, qualification, and teaching experience.....

Key Words: Epistemology, Knowledge, Epistemological Beliefs, Knowledge construction.

[1]. Baxter Magolda, M. B. (1987). The Affective Dimension Of Learning: Faculty-Student Relationships That Enhance Intellectual Development. College Student Journal, 21.
[2]. Belenky, M. R, Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women's Ways Of Knowing: The Development Of Self Voice And Mind. New York: Basic Books.
[3]. Bråten, I., Strømsø, H. I., & Ferguson, L. E. (2015). The Role Of Epistemic Beliefs In The Comprehension Of Single And Multiple Texts. 85–97. Https://Doi.Org/10.4324/9780203075562.CH6
[4]. Bromme, R., Kienhues, D., & Stahl, E. (2008). Knowledge And Epistemological Beliefs: An Intimate But Complicated Relationship. In M. S. Khine (Ed.), Knowing, Knowledge, And Beliefs: Epistemological Studies Across Diverse Cultures (Pp. 423–441). Springer. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6596-5_20
[5]. Chai, Ching & Teo, Timothy & Lee, Chwee Beng. (2009). The Change In Epistemological Beliefs And Beliefs About Teaching And Learning: A Study Among Pre-Service Teachers. Asia-Pacific Journal Of Teacher Education. 37. 351-362..

Abstract: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in maintaining the central nervous system (CNS) by preserving the brain’s internal environment. It regulates the exchange of substances and the movement of immune cells between the bloodstream and brain tissue. The BBB is mainly formed by microvascular endothelial cells that exhibit unique structural and functional characteristics. These properties are sustained through a coordinated interaction with various environmental signals, both hemodynamic and cellular. Together with astrocytes, pericytes, and neurons, these endothelial.....

Keywords: Blood-brain barrier, neurovascular unit, endothelial cells, tight junctions, CNS disorders, stroke, therapeutic strategies

[1] Abbott N.J., Patabendige A.A.K., Dolman D.E.M., Yusof S.R., Begley D.J. Structure And Function Of The Blood–Brain Barrier. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010;37:13–25. Doi: 10.1016/J.Nbd.2009.07.030.
[2] Abbott N.J., Rönnbäck L., Hansson E. Astrocyte–Endothelial Interactions At The Blood–Brain Barrier. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006;7:41–53. Doi: 10.1038/Nrn1824.
[3] Ballabh P., Braun A., Nedergaard M. The Blood–Brain Barrier: An Overview: Structure, Regulation, And Clinical Implications. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004;16:1–13. Doi: 10.1016/J.Nbd.2003.12.016.
[4] Ben-Zvi A., Lacoste B., Kur E., Andreone B.J., Mayshar Y., Yan H., Gu C. Mfsd2a Is Critical For The Formation And Function Of The Blood–Brain Barrier. Nature. 2014;509:507–511. Doi: 10.1038/Nature13324.
[5] Bhalerao A., Sivandzade F., Archie S.R., Chowdhury E.A., Noorani B., Cucullo L. In Vitro Modeling Of The Neurovascular Unit: Advances In The Field. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2020;17:22. Doi: 10.1186/S12987-020-00183-7.