iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-8 ~ August-2014

Abstract: Introduction: Nearly one-tenth of the India's population is children under 5 years of age. So the morbidities and under nutrition affecting their health have got bearing on the overall health status of the country. Urban under-served slum dweller children are more vulnerable to infection and under nutrition due to their exposure to unfavourable socio economic and environmental conditions. Objective: To study the morbidity pattern and nutritional status among the under five children residing in urban slum and to find out the association with morbidity and under nutrition. Methodology: A longitudinal community based observational study was conducted among all under five children (49) - who were followed up once in a fortnight for 12 months. In the study area, under five children were selected by Census method, Episode wise incidence, seasonal variation and association of morbidity with different parameters were calculated. To assess nutritional status weight was measured once in a month and plotted on the then followed ICDS growth chart. Height / length & wasting were measured once in a month and were compared with NCHS chart.

Key words: morbidity pattern - nutritional status-slum dweller under five children-longitudinal study.

[1]. Govt. of India. Provisional population totals. Census of India 2001. P-1.
[2]. School of Health Sciences. Demography and Epidemiology of ageing, Basic Geriatrics, Indira Gandhi National Open University, March 2004; MME-004, Unit 1, Block-1: 5 -15.
[3]. Unicef, The State of World's Children 1998:1-11
[4]. Kapil U., Sood A.K. Morbidity pattern in children below three year attending a rural health centre in Haryana. Indian Pediatrics, June 1989; XXVI: 550-552.
[5]. Sharma AK, Reddi DCS., Dwivedi RR. Descriptive epidemiology of ARI among under 5 children in an urban slum area. IJPH, Oct-Dec, 1999; XXXXII (4):156.
[6]. Venkatesh S., Bansal RD. A longitudinal study of morbidity among underfives children in a semi-urban area. Indian Journal of Community Medicine 1986; 11(1): 11 – 20.

Abstract: Objective: (1) Assessment of incidence of dry eyes in type 2 diabetic patients. (2) To determine the association of Diabetic Retinopathy with dry eyes. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study consisting of 100 Type 2 diabetic patients was carried out in Dr. D. Y. Patil Hospital & Research Centre, Nerul, Navi Mumbai during 2012-2014. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria 100 diabetic patients who attended the out-patient department of the Department of Ophthalmology, were selected. Results: Mild form of dry eyes was most common (20%). There was no significant association of age, sex and duration of diabetes with incidence of dry eyes. Abnormal tear break up time was abnormal in 33%. Abnormal Fluorescein staining was seen in 20% study subjects. Moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was significantly more common in diabetic patients with dry eyes. Conclusion and Recommendation: Examination of dry eyes should be an integral part of the assessment of diabetic eye disease so as to improve the patient's comfort and to prevent or minimize further structural damage to the ocular surface.

Keywords: Dry eyes, type 2 diabetes, retinopathy

[1]. Ghasemi H, Gharebaghi R, Heidary F. Diabetes as a possible predisposer forblepharitis. Can J Ophthalmol 2008 Aug;43(4):485
[2]. World Health Organization. Diabetes. Available at: www. researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=228279 (Accessed August 30, 2010)
[3]. Goebbles M. Tear secretion and tear film function in insulin dependent diabetics. Br J Ophthalmol2000;84:19–21.
[4]. Mathers WD, Lane JA, Sutphin JE, Zimmerman MB. Model for ocular tear film function. Cornea 1996; 15: 110-119
[5]. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Incidence of dry eye in an older population. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 369-73
[6]. Seifart U, Strempel I. The dry eye and diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmologe. 1994 Apr;91(2):235-9
[7]. J. Nepp, C. Abela and I. Polzeret al., Is there a correlation between the severity of diabetic retinopathy and keratoconjunctivitissicca?,Cornea 19 (2000), pp. 487–491.

Abstract: Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between chronic periodontitis of mother with preterm delivery and low birth weight. Study design: Two hundred subjects who reported to Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, Karnataka were included in the study. Subjects were divided into cases and controls based on pregnancy outcome. General information on socioeconomic status, obstetric history, dental history, oral hygiene, gingival status and probing pocket depth were also recorded. Results: Poor oral hygiene,moderate to severe gingivitis and increased probing pocket depth was significantly higher in those who delivered small babies (preterm and small for gestational age) than the average sized (74% vs. 11%; x2 81.2, p<0.001). (x2 92.8, p<0.001). (60% vs. 3%; x2 97.9, p<0.001). Conclusion: There was significant co-relation of poor hygiene, gingival inflammation, probing pocket depth to Preterm Delivery and Low Birth Weight.

Key Words: Preterm Delivery, Low Birth Weight, Periodontal disease.

[1]. Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fertir G, Collins J, Boyd D, Maynor G et al. Periodontal infection as a possible risk factors for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontal 1996; 67: 1103-1113.
[2]. John C. Green and Jack R. Vermillion. Oral hygiene index development and uses. J Periodontol 1964; 38:625
[3]. Loe H. and Silness J. Periodontal disease in Pregnancy. ActaOdontolScand 1963;21:533
[4]. Beck JD, Offenbacher S. The association between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases: a state-of-the-science review. Ann Periodontol 2001;6:9–15.
[5]. Kornman, K.S., and W. J. Loesche. 1980. The subgingival microbial flora during pregnancy. Periodontal Res. 15:111–122.
[6]. Loe, H., and J. Silness. 1963. Periodontal disease in pregnancy: prevalence and severity. ActaOdontol. Scand. 21:532–551.
[7]. Laine MA. Effect of pregnancy on periodontal and dental health. ActaOdontolScand 2002;60:257–64.

Abstract: In humans, Vermiform appendix is a small, finger-sized structure, found at the end of caecum and located near the beginning of large intestine. The lymphoid tissue starts appearing in the wall of the appendix around the 17th week of intra uterine life. The abdomen localization according to regions (quadrants) and classification of vermiform appendix position are retrocecal, retroileal, pelvic, free. The retroileal position of the vermiform appendix was most observed among retrocecal, pelvic, and free positions. The vermiform appendix is considered as the organ with highest topographic variation in the abdomen. The structural modifications that emerge and develop along years determine the appearance of appendix found in adult individuals with narrow base at 2.5 cm from the ileocecal junction. The high frequency of the retroileal position within the first year of life corroborates the low incidence of vermiform appendix inflammation rate among young children. The retroileal position associated to the gravity effect represents strong indication of protection against mechanical obstructions of lumen.

Key words: Lymphoid tissue, retro ileal, retro cecal, pelvic, free.

[1]. Ajmani, Ml.and AJmani, K. The position, length, and arterial supply of Vermiform appendix.Anatomisher aneiger.1983, vol.153, no.4, p.369-374.

[2]. Berry, Mj.Appendicectomy in child hood: analysis of 105 negative Explorations. American journal of surgery.1982, vol144, no.3, p.335-337.

[3]. Cangado, Jr.apendicite aguda coutra afeccous doappendice in dani R Castro, LP(Ed) Gastroenterological 2 Ed Rio de janerio gurnabara koogan S.A, 1988 p 822-829(vol 2).
[4]. Condon, Re, Appendicities in sabiston, Dc(Ed) Textbook of surgery 13 ed TokyoWB Saunders company 1986 p 967-981.
[5]. COLLINS, DC. The length and position of the vermiform appendix. American journal of surgery, 1932, Vol 96, p-1044-8.Pmid:17866891.
[6]. Ferguson, J.Some important points regarding the appendix Vermiformis.American journal of medicine sciences 1891 p 61-62.
[7]. Fitzerald, Mit. Nolan, Jp and O'Neill, Mn the position of the human caecum in Fetal life. Journal of anatomy 1971 vol.109 no.p- 71-74.

Abstract: Introduction: Penetrating laryngeal injuries are rare, and they are frequently associated with pharyngeal, vascular and spinal injuries. Its management is multi-disciplinary and challenging. Case presentations: We hereby report a case of cut throat injury with complete transection of laryngeal thyroid cartilage and its management. Conclusion: The purpose of this report is to accentuate that cut throat injuries in our environment occurs but it is rare. The effective and good management outcome of the patient requires effective teamwork of Otorhinolaryngologist, anesthesiologist, nurses, dietitian, social-workers and clinical psychologist. Laryngeal injury can be repair without post-operative restricting of neck movement for ensure tension free anastomosis in the wound.

Key Words: Cut Throat, Thyroid cartilage Transection, Laryngeal injury, multi-disciplinary

[1]. Shreyas S.J, Mohan J, Sunil N, Sunita B, Saurabh A, Neha P. Technicality of Managing Cut Throat Injury. International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 2013; 2: 11-12.
[2]. Ezeanolue B: Management of the upper airway in severe cut throat injuries. Afr J Med Med Sci 2001, 30(3):233-235.
[3]. Venkatachalam SG, Palaniswamy Selvaraj DA, Rangarajan M, Mani K, Palanivelu C: An unusual case of penetrating tracheal ("cut throat") injury due to chain snatching: the ideal airway management. Indian J Crit Care Med 2007, 11(3):151-4.
[4]. Schaefer SD. Management of acute blunt and penetrating external laryngeal trauma. Laryngoscope. 2014; 124(1):233-44.
[5]. Sett S, Isser DK. Laryngotracheal stenosis and pharyngocutaneous fistula in cut throat injuries: how we manage them. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000; 52(3): 315-318.
[6]. Herzog M, Hoppe F, Baier G, Dieler R. Injuries of the head and neck in suicidal intention. Laryngorhinootologie 2005, 84(3):176-81

Abstract: Periodontitis refers to gingival inflammation that damages the soft tissue and the supporting structure of the tooth. This further leads to the destruction of alveolar bone surrounding the teeth. Being a multifactorial disease, the factor which plays a role in disease progression is dental plaque. The bacteria adhere to the tooth surface which slowly colonizes and forms bacterial complexes. When the oral hygiene is left unmaintained, it results in gingivitis and these progresses to periodontitis. Periodontitis is thus characterized by destruction of the periodontal ligament, a resorption of the alveolar bone and the migration of the junctional epithelium along the tooth surface. The various periodontal pathogens which are susceptible in the disease progression includes Aggregatibacter (formerly Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia (previously forsythensis), Campylobacter rectus, and Treponema denticola .In the early phase of the disease (gingivitis), inflammation is confined to the gingiva but extends to deeper tissues in periodontitis, leading to gingival swelling, bleeding and bad breath. In the late phase of the disease, the supporting collagen of theperiodontium is degenerated, alveolar bone begins to resorb and gingival epithelium migrates along the tooth surface forming a 'periodontal pocket'.

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Abstract: Herbal mouthwashes have been considered to be a more advantageous option to their chemical counterparts, for a long time. Neem, Honey bee extract and Cranberry extract, among others, have had scientists actively researching their properties. However, having demonstrated significant medicinal uses from treating cancers to lowering heart disease, pomegranate extract is the newest talk of the dental community. This is mainly because of its active component, polyphenolic flavonoid that is believed to prevent gingivitis and basic plaque formation through its anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant properties. Besides being able to exert considerable control over the levels of different enzymes in the oral cavity, the polyphenols are significantly active against notable oral bacteria like A. actinomycetemcomitans, S. aureus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis. Through a series of laboratory tests and animal trials, the pomegranate extract has been shown to reduce the clinical signs associated with chronic, inflammatory periodontitis, among other indications such as treatment of oral ulcers. The aim of this systematic review is to propose pomegranate extract as an effective active ingredient in a mouthwash by describing the properties, significant trials and studies and past literature reviews that have marked it suitable for such a use.
Key-words: Pomegranate, oral hygiene, Punica granatum, fruit, polyphenols

[1]. Speight P. Summary of: Are alcohol containing mouthwashes safe? British Dental Journal. 2009; 207(10): 488-489.
[2]. Parolia A, Thomas M, Kundabala M., Mohan M. Propolis and its potential uses in oral health. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2010; 2(7): 210-215. [3]. Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian J Dent Res. 1999; 10(1):23-26.
[4]. Kumamoto J, Scora RW, Lawton HW, Clerx WA. Mystery of the forbidden fruit: Historical epilogue on the origin of the grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae). Econ Bot 1987; 41(1): 97-107.

[5]. Toivanen M, Huttunen S, Duricová J, Soininen P, Laatikainen R, Loimaranta V et al. Screening of binding activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus suis to berries and juices. Phytother. Res. 2009; (24) 1:S95-101.

Abstract: Modern life styles even among people in rural areas have created an increased demand for dental cosmetology. Dental fluorosis due to its cosmetic effect gains more public health importance today. In the scenario of increasing awareness of environmental health hazards, among people, the research into the biology of fluorosis conducted in the endemic area could be helpful to prove with evidence that fluoride in drinking water causes health hazards like dental and skeletal fluorosis, and also non skeletal manifestation of the disease 1,2,3. The problem has reached alarming proportions affecting at least 17 States in India.4. Of the fourteen Revenue Districts in Kerala, two districts, Alappuzha and Palakkad are endemic for fluorosis. A study was conducted in Alappuzha district and in Kollam, a nearby district, a non endemic area for the fluorosis, to assess and compare the various effects of fluoride in drinking water, on dental and skeletal systems of school children. The present study was conducted among 706 children of 9-12 year age group and sub samples of water collected from these areas for fluoride estimation. Results:The prevalence of dental fluorosis in the endemic region 66.4% where as it was nil in the non endemic region. The results also indicated that the level of fluorosis could be graded in respect of children of as : 14.8% grade I; 41.1% grade II; 10.3 % grade III and 0.2% grade IV. Dental fluorosis. There was a statistically significant (p=0.000) association between fluoride level in the water and dental fluorosis. It was found that nearly one third of the children clinically examined for the study had non specific symptoms of skeletal fluorosis in Alapuzha district. This association was found to be statistically significant (2= 7.99, P value=.0.018). The prevalence of nonspecific symptoms like, backache 3.8%; neck pain 16% and history of skeletal fracture 12.1% was observed among the children in Alappuzha district, where as all these symptoms were observed only among 1% of children of Kollam district,non endemic area. The prevalence of dental fluorosis and non specific symptoms of skeletal fluorosis was high among the school children in the district endemic fluorosis.

Key Words: Dental fluorosis, Skeletal fluorosis, Endemic area, Enviornmental Health Hazard

[1]. Ainsworth N.J. (1933): Mottled teeth Br. Dent J 60: 233-250.
[2]. Bardsen A, Bjorvatn K. Dental fluorosis among persons exposed to high- and low-fluoride drinking water in western Norway. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology; 1999: 27: 25-29
[3]. Dental Council of India. National oral health survey and fluoride mapping 2002-2003Kerala. Dental Council of India: New Delhi; 2004.9-267
[4]. Bardsen et al. Risk periods in the development of dental fluorosis; clinic.oral.investig.1998:2.155-160.
[5]. Sudhir KM, Prashant GM, Subba Reddy VV, Mohandas U, Chandu GN. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 13- to 15-year-old school children of an area known for endemic al fluorosis: Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh.J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent; 2009: 27(4):190-6.

Abstract: A dentigerous cyst is a developmental cyst of odontogenic origin, which apparently develops by accumulation of fluid between the reduced enamel epithelium and the crown of an unerupted tooth, with consequent expansion of tooth follicle. It may be associated with crown of unerupted teeth, odontomas, or supernumerary teeth. Ninety-five percent of dentigerous cysts are associated with permanent dentition whereas only 5% are with supernumerary teeth. Occurrence of a dentigerous cyst with an erupted anterior tooth is exceptionally rare and seldom reported in literature. We report an unusual presentation of a dentigerouscyst associated with an unerupted maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor &canine associated with over-retained deciduous teeth. A detailed clinical and radiographic examination augmented its accurate histopathological diagnosis

[1]. Shear M, Speight PM. Dentigerous cyst. Cysts of the Oral & Maxillofacial region.4th ed. USA: Blackwell publishing Professional; 2007. P. 59-75.
[2]. Browne RM, Smith AJ: Pathogenesis of odontogenic cysts. In: Investigative Pathology of the OdontogenicCyst. CRC Press Boca Raton, 1991;P. 88–109.
[3]. Primosch RE. Anterior supernumerary teeth: assessment and surgical intervention in children. Pediatric Dentistry, 1981; 3: 204-21.
[4]. Kessler HP, Kraut RA. Dentigerous cyst associated with an impacted mesiodens .General Dentistry,1989; 37(1):47-9.
[5]. Sandu S, Narang K, Jwanda M. Adenomatoidtumour associated with dentigerous cyst of maxillary antrum a rare entity. J Oral Maxillofacial Pathology 2010; 14:24-8.
[6]. Salman L Problems of impacted teeth 1958; 11: 1357-71.

Abstract: Background: Right lower quadrant pain is a common problem in surgical practice. Early diagnosis and treatment avoid unnecessary morbidity and mortality as many of them require surgical intervention. Laparoscopy is the standard recommendation in females of reproductive age group which is both diagnostic and therapeutic. There is no standard recommendation for routine laparoscopy in males who present with acute right lower quadrant pain. Aim of the study: to evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopy in male patients who present with acute right lower quadrant pain. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective study in 146 male patients who had undergone laparoscopy for right lower abdominal pain over a period of three years. All the patients underwent laparoscopy within 48 hours of admission. We evaluated preoperative information, laparoscopic diagnosis, post-operative complications and outcome. Results: Total 164 patients were included in the study. 129[88.35%] had features of acute appendicitis of which 15 patients had complicated appendicitis. 14 patients [9.59%] had normally looking appendix and no obvious other pathology was identified. Only 3 patients [2.05%] had alternate diagnosis. 143 patients [97.95%] were successfully managed laparoscopically. There was no mortality or major complications in the study group. Conclusion: Diagnostic laparoscopy an effective tool in accurate diagnosis and treatment of right lower quadrant pain in males with excellent results.

Keywords: Right lower quadrant pain, appendicitis, routine laparoscopy, male patient.

[1]. Casciola L, Ceccarelli G, Bartoli A, D'Ajello F, Bellochi R, Valeri R, Rambotti M, Spaziani A, Mazzoli W, Di Zitti L. Laparoscopic approach versus laparotomy for suspected acute appendicitis. G Chir. 2002; 23:440–444. [PubMed]
[2]. Golash V, Willson PD. Early laparoscopy as a routine procedure in the management of acute abdominal pain: a review of 1,320 patients. Surg Endosc. 2005 Jul; 19(7):882-5. Epub 2005 May 12.[PubMed]
[3]. Sauerland S, Agresta F, Bergamaschi R, Borzellino G, Budzynski A, Champault G, Fingerhut A, Isla ;;A, Johansson M, Lundorff P, Navez B, Saad S, Neugebauer EA. Laparoscopy for abdominal emergencies: evidence-based guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery. Surg Endosc. 2006 Jan; 20(1):14-29. Epub 2005 Oct 24.[PubMed]
[4]. Karamanakos SN, Sdralis E, Panagiotopoulos S, Kehagias I.Laparoscopy in the emergency setting: a retrospective review of 540 patients with acute abdominal pain. Surg Laparosc E ndosc Percutan Tech. 2010 Apr;20(2):119-24.[PubMed]
[5]. Agrusa A, Romano G, Di Buono G, Dafnomili A, Gulotta G. Laparoscopic approach in abdominal emergencies: a 5-year experience at a single center. G Chir. 2012 Nov-Dec; 33(11-12):400-3.[PubMed]

Abstract: Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) was first introduced to dentistry in the mid-1980s.Both chairside and chair side—laboratory integrated procedures are available for CAD/CAM restoration fabrication. In selecting which procedure to follow, consideration should be given to esthetic demands, chairside time, and laboratory costs, number of visits and convenience and return on investment associated with CAD/CAM equipment. Depending on the method selected, CAD/CAM ceramic blocks available for restoration fabrication include leucite reinforced ceramics, lithium disilicate, zirconia, and composite resin. In order to determine which type of ceramic to use, the practitioner must take into account esthetics, strength, and ease of customizing milled restorations. This article provides an overview of various CAD/CAM systems.

Keywords: CAD-CAM, leucite reinforced ceramics, zirconia

[1]. Takashi M, Yasuhiro H, Jun K, Soichi K. A review of dental CAD/CAM: current status and future perspectives from 20 years of experience. Dental Materials Journal, 2009: 28(1): 44-56.
[2]. Lee C, Alex T. CAD/CAM Dentistry: A new forum for dentist-technician Teamwork. Inside Dentistry, Sep 2006: vol 2, Issue 7.
[3]. Perng-Ru Liu. Panorama of Dental CAD/CAM Restorative systems. Compedium, July 2005: 26(7): 507-512.
[4]. Angeles M, Salvador A, Mariano A, Maria P. CAD/CAM dental systems in implant dentistry: Update-Med Oral Patol Oral Bucal: March 2009 1:14(3), E141-5.
[5]. Candice Z, Shermian A, Richard M, John D. Rapid prototyping technique for creating a radiation shield. J Prosth Dent, April 2007: 97(4): 236-41.

Abstract: Managing a case of ankylosing spondylitis can be difficult and challenging as both airway and vertebral column are deformed yet difficult and associated with extra articular manifestation. Taylor's approach can be considered ideally in these patients coming for lower limb surgeries. We present a young patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis with cardiac and pulmonary involvement coming for ankle surgery where we used Taylor's approach for successful central neuraxial blockade. By this approach the case was managed perioperatively optimally and safely.

Keywords: Ankylosing Spondylitis, Central neuraxial Bloackade, Taylors approach, paramedian technique, chronic inflammation

[1]. Goyal R, Singh S, Shukla RN, Singhal A. Management of a case of ankylosing spondylitis for total hip replacement surgery with the use of ultrasound –assisted central neuraxial blockade. Indian J Anaesth 2013;57:69-71
[2]. Gupta K, Rastogi B, Gupta PK, Rastogi A, Jain M, Singh VP. Subarachnoid block with Taylor's approach for surgery of lower half of the body and lower limbs: A clinical teaching study. Anaesth Essay Res 2012;6:38-41
[3]. NaliniKotekar et al. A case of severe ankylosing spondylitis posted for hip replacement surgery. Indian J.Anaesth 2007;51(6):546-549.
[4]. Woodward LJ, Kam PC. Ankylosing spondylitis: Recent developments and anaesthetic implications. Anaesthesia 2009;64:540-8.
[5]. Kumar CM, Metha M. Ankylosing spondylitis: lateral approach to spinal anaesthesia for lower limb surgery. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:73-6.

Abstract: The jugular foramen at the base of the skull varies in shape and size the foramen lies at the petrous part of temporal bone and behind by the occipital bone. It's irregular in shape. Usually the right foramen is larger than the left. The variation in the foramen is observed in different racial group and sexes. The shape and size of foramen is inversely related to size of sigmoid sinus. Petrosal portion contains the inferior petrosal sinus. Sigmoid portion receives the sigmoid sinus. Intrajugular portion contains cranial nerves IX, X and XI. AIM: To analyze the length and width of jugular foramen. To determine the side dominance of the foramen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 32 jugular foramen in dry adult skulls from Department of Anatomy, CHRI were used for the present study. Sagittal and transverse diameters were measured using digital vernier caliper. OBSERVATIONS: The overall dimensions of Jugular foramen were recorded on both sides. The mean transverse diameter (width) on the right and the left side were 11.779mm and 10.901mm respectively. The mean sagittal diameter (length) on the right and left side were 10.141mm and 09.025mm. In 62.5% of cases the right foramen was larger , in 37.5% of cases left foramen was larger than the right. Dome was found bilaterally in 50% of cases, The unilateral presence of dome was equally distributed to both sides. Jugular process was found bilaterally in 18.75%, right side 31.25% and left side in 18.75% of cases. The process was absent in 31.25% cases. Complete Septation of the foramen was found in 12.5% on right side, 6.25% on left side. Partial Septation was seen in 87.5% on right side, in 93.74% on left side. CONCLUSION: In comparison with the previous studies, the width of the Jugular foramen is slightly higher where as the length is slightly lower. There is an increase in the occurrence of bony partition compared to the previous study. Dimension, dome and Septation were significantly higher on right side than on left. Jugular foramen serves as an important land mark during surgeries of posterior cranial fossa

[1]. Adejuwon.S.A, Salawu.O.T, The jugular foramen and the intracranial volume; are they related? Asian J. Med Sci.2011; 3(8): 143-45.
[2]. Anjali single.A, Daisy sahni.M, Morphometric study of the jugular foramen in Northwest Indian population. J. postgraduate med. 2012; 46(4):165-71.

[3]. Bahar Kales.S, Jose N. Fayed, The medial wall of the jugular foramen a temporal bone anatomic study. Otolaryngology head neck surg. 2009; 141(3): 401-07.

[4]. Browder.J, Kaplan.M, Cerebral Dural sinuses and their tributaries. Springfield: Thomas. J. Anat., 1976; 36(12): 79-140.

[5]. Ekinci.N, Unur.E, Macroscopic and Morphometric investigation of the jugular foramen of the human skull. J. Anat., 1997; 72(5): 525-29.

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem in India and globally. The present study was conducted to evaluate the different diagnostic techniques in suspected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with or without the presence of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. A total of 75 clinically suspected fresh cases of pulmonary TB were asked for sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media according to Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program guidelines. A commercially available rapid test kit was also used for detection of TB antigen in sputum sample. One 5 mL blood sample each was taken for HIV testing according to National Aids Control Organisation guidelines. A total of 9 (12%) patients out of 75, were found to be HIV-positive. Among the HIV co-infected patients, there was only one patient who was both smear and culture positive rest were negative. On the other hand, among the 66 HIV-negative TB patients, 25 (37.88%) were positive on both smear and culture. None of the smear negative and culture negative samples was found to be positive for the presence of TB antigen. The overall antigen positivity rate in the entire study was 16% (12/75). The current study concluded that LJ media is highly efficient medium for recovery and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Keywords: HIV; AFB; LJ media; pulmonary tuberculosis; TB antigen

[1] WHO - World Health Organization, Tuberculosis. Global tuberculosis report 2013, Available from:www.who.int
[2] J.P. Narain, and Y.R. Lo, Epidemiology of HIV-TB in Asia, Indian J. Med. Res., 120, 2004, 277-289.
[3] National AIDS Control Organization, Guidelines on HIV testing, Ministry of health and family welfare, NewDelhi, India, 2007, 38-53.
[4] Culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Drug Susceptibility Testing on solid Medium, Revised National TB Control Programme, Central TB Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India, 2009, 28-54.
[5] S.K. Sharma, G. Aggarwal, P. Seth, and P.K. Saha, Increasing HIV seropositivity among adult tuberculosis patients in Delhi, Indian J. Med. Res., 117, 2003, 239-242.

Abstract: Background: Cytological pleomorphism is a unique and well exhibited phenomenon during oral carcinogenesis. Genesis and occurrence of cytological atypias in oral epithelium of carcinoma patients help the Cytopathologists in determining the type of tumor and even in early detection. Materials and Methods: In a case- control study, samples in the form of exfoliated scraped cytosmear were collected from the affected sites of the clinically diagnosed 136 oral cancer patients and were immediately fixed in acetoalcohol (1:3). The wet fixed smears were stained by routine Papanicolaou's staining protocol and Giemsa's solution. Stained tissues were studied under the microscope. Out of one thousand cells screened,well defined cytological atypias were scored. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) was calculated after taking the area of the cytoplasm (C) and nucleus (N) of the respective cell. The findings were statistically analyzed and interpreted with respect to oral sites and sexes. Results and Discussion: The keratinized spindle cell is the predominant atypia in the human oral spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC), which shows both cytological and nuclear pleomorphism and identifiable mitoses. Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in KSCs was found to be 1:11.6 in males and 1:9.5 in females indicates the state of malignancy. Conclusion: Occurrence of KSCs in oral epithelia has a practical utility in early detection and diagnosis of human oral carcinoma during carcinogenesis.

Key words: Cytological atypia, Keratinized spindle cell, Spindle cell carcinoma, malignancy, Nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio.

[1] A. Cardesa, N. Zidar, World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Head and Neck Tumours: Oral Cavity and Oropharynx, IARC Press, Lyon, 2005, 127-128.

[2] H. Battifora, Spindle cell carcinoma: ultrastructural evidence of squamous origin and collagen production by the tumor cells, Cancer 37, 1976, 275-282.

[3] P.L. Lambert, P.H. Ward, G. Berci, Pseudosarcoma of the larynx: a comprehensive analysis. Arch Otopharyngol., 106, 1980, 700-708.

[4] G.W. Greene, J.L. Bernier, Spindle cell carcinoma of the lip: report of four cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol., 12, 1959, 1008-16.

[5] E.W. Strong, R.H. Spiro, Cancer of the oral cavity. In EN Myers and JY Suen (Eds) Cancer of the Head and Neck. Second Edition, (Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1989).

Abstract: Objectives: Malaria has been and is still the cause of human morbidity and mortality. Although,the disease has been eradicated in most temperate zones,it continues to be endemic through out the tropics and subtropics. Here we have made an attempt to study the correlation between severity of malaria infection with derangements in liver function tests and how it will help the outcome and prognosis of the disease. Method: 100 patients were included in the study who have been diagnosed to have malaria through MPFT/MP smear test done in Father Muller Medical College Hospital,Mangalore,Karnataka. Results: Patients included in the study were 15-72 years of age with mean age of 35 years. Ratio of males to females were 3.3:1. Among 100 cases studied 34% had vivax malaria and 66%had falciparum malaria. Ratio between vivax and falciparum malaria was 1.9:1.Fever and jaundice were the presenting complaint in all cases.Icterus and hepatosplenomegaly were the major clinical signs noticed. The serum bilirubin levels ranged from 1.5 to 6.9 mg% with mean and SD of 2.97± 1.37. The AST/ALT levels ranged from 17 to 593 IU/l and 14 to 544 IU/l with mean and SD 98.98 ± 77.167 IU/l and 82.39 ± 69.08 IU/l, respectively. Conclusion: Changes in LFT such as hyperbilirubinemia and elevated transaminases were observed in our study with more affection towards falciparum malaria compared to vivax malaria based on our statistical results. Keywords: Malaria,liver function tests,jaundice,transaminases.

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[3]. Kochar DK, Agarwal P, Kochar SK, Jain R, Rawat N, Pokharna RK, Kachhawa S,
[4]. Srivastava T. Hepatocyte dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy in Plasmodium
[5]. falciparum malaria. QJM. 2003 Jul;96(7):505-12.
[6]. Anand AC, Ranji C, Narula AS, Singh W. Histopathological changes of liver in malaria: a heterogenous syndrome? Natl Med J India 1992; 5:59–62.

Abstract: Over 20 million people worldwide have abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, i.e., arrhythmias, each year. Most of the cardiac patients are elders.And if they increasingly move to nursing homes, it is a necessary tendency to reduce the medical labor cost by deploying self-organized wireless cardiac-monitoring hardware/ software systems in an area with a radius of hundreds of feet. Such medical information networks could allow the doctors to immediately capture the arrhythmia events of any patient without leaving their offices. In this paper, a wavelet based steganography technique has been introduced which combines encryption and LSB embedding technique to protect patient confidential data.Huge amount of ECG signal collected by Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) from remote patients at homes will be transmitted along with other physiological readings such as blood pressure, temperature, glucose level etc. and diagnosed by those remote patient monitoring systems. An added benefit is the freedom of movement for patients due to the wireless networking technologies. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique on the ECG signal, distortion measurement metrics, the Percentage Residual Difference (PRD) has been used.

Keywords: ECG;Encryption;Steganography;Confidential ;BSN;Embedding;Wavelet;PRD.

[1] K. Malasri and L. Wang, "Addressing security in medical sensor networks," in Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGMOBILE international workshop on Systems and networking support for healthcare and assisted living environments. ACM, 2007, p. 12.
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[4] K. Zheng and X. Qian, "Reversible Data Hiding forElectrocardiogram Signal Based on Wavelet Transforms," in International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security, 2008. CIS'08, vol. 1, 2008.
[5] H. Golpira and H. Danyali, "Reversible blind watermarking for medical images based on wavelet histogram shifting," in IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT),2009. IEEE, 2010, pp. 31–36

Abstract: Problems can develop when teeth and implants are combined in the same prosthesis due to the difference in mobility of the two. However, by combining dental implants and natural teeth with the help of attachments, clinicians can greatly improve retention, stability and aesthetics of these prostheses. The biomechanical principles should be judiciously incorporated in the design to nullify the deleterious leverages exerted by the prosthesis and to equalize the stress exerted by the prosthesis on implant and teeth.

Keywords: Implants, Attachments, Combination prosthesis,Implantoverdenture, Full mouth rehabilitation

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[3] Carl E Misch. Contemporary Implant Dentistry.3rd ed. Elsevier; 2007.p. 43-50.

[4] Watson CJ,OgdenAR,Tinsley D.A 3-6 year study of overdentures supported byhydroxyapatite coated endosseous dental implants.Int J Prosthodont.1998 Nov-Dec;11(6):610-9.

[5] Lang N,PjeturssonB,Tan K.A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures after an observation period of atleast 5 years,combined tooth implant supported FPDs.Clin Oral Implants Res.2004Dec;15(6):643-53.

[6] Davies SJ, Gray RJ, Young MPJ. Good occlusal practice in the provision of implant borne prostheses. Br Dental J. 2002Jan26;192(2):79–88.